Abdomen II (Stomach, esophagus)

Question 1

What are the four main layers of the gastrointestinal wall?

Answer 1

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Question 2

What does the mucosa surround? what is it composed of?

Answer 2

surrounds the lumen
composed of mostly simple columnar epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosae

Question 3

What is the simple columnar epithelium in the mucosa responsible for?

Answer 3

digestive, absorptive, secretory processes

Question 4

What is the lamina propria

Answer 4

connective tissue layer that contains lymphocyte nodules

Question 5

What does the muscularis mucosae produce in the mucosa? What kind of motility pattern does it provide?

Answer 5

mixing motility pattern

Question 6

What is the submucosa composed of?

Answer 6

dense layer of connective tissue, submucosal plexus

Question 7

The submucosa is a dense layer of connective tissue containing __________, and _________

Answer 7

blood vessels
lymphatics

Question 8

What is the submucosal plexus? what is it stimulated by?

Answer 8

part of enteric nervous system, stimulated by parasympathetic fibers

Question 9

The submucosal plexus provides _________ innervation to mucosal exocrine and ________ glands

Answer 9

secretomotor
endocrine

Question 10

What is the muscularis externa composed of?

Answer 10

inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscular layer

Question 11

What do the two layers of the muscularis externa produce? what is it regulated by?

Answer 11

peristalsis that propels food through tract, regulated by the myenteric plexus

Question 12

What is the myenteric plexus

Answer 12

part of enteric nervous system that is influenced by ANS

Question 13

What is the serosa (visceral peritoneum)?

Answer 13

loose connective tissue

Question 14

What is the esophagus? where does it extend to?

Answer 14

muscular tube that begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage, descends posterior to trachea, exits thorax through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and terminates at the esophagogastric junction

Question 15

The esophageal musculature consists of the _______ _______ and ________ ________ muscle

Answer 15

internal circular, external longitudinal muscles

Question 16

The superior one third of the esophagus is _________ muscle, while the inferior one third is _________ muscle, and the middle one third is _________

Answer 16

skeletal
smooth
mix

Question 17

The distal esophagus is supplied by _________ branches of the ________ _________ artery and is drained by the _______ ________ vein

Answer 17

esophageal
left gastric
left gastric

Question 18

The esophagus is innervated by _________ nerves (sympathetic) and ______ _______ (parasympathetic)

Answer 18

splanchnic
vagal trunks

Question 19

The vagal trunks that innervate the esophagus are continuations of ________ nerves that emerge from the esophageal plexus, and pass through the _______ ________

Answer 19

vagus
esophageal hiatus

Question 20

The stomach is composed of ______ regions and ___ curvatures

Answer 20

four, 2

Question 21

WHat are the four regions of the stomach

Answer 21

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

Question 22

Where is the cardia region of the stomach located

Answer 22

surrounding cardial orifice

Question 23

The fundus contains a _____ notch

Answer 23

cardial

Question 24

The body is the _____ ______ of the stomach

Answer 24

main portion

Question 25

In the pylorus regions of the stomach, the ____ and ______ lead to the pyloric orifice

Answer 25

antrum and canal

Question 26

What are the two stomach curvatures

Answer 26

lesser (shorter concave superior border), greater (longer convex, inferior border)

Question 27

The _______ of the stomach allows for expansion for temporary food storage

Answer 27

rugae

Question 28

The stomach processes food ________ and ________

Answer 28

mechanically and chemically

Question 29

How does the stomach process food mechanically?

Answer 29

via muscular contractions of the muscularis externa causing churning

Question 30

How does the stomach process food chemically

Answer 30

using hydrochloric acid and pepsin for protein breakdown

Question 31

The celiac trunk supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach via the ____ _____ artery

Answer 31

left gastric

Question 32

the celiac trunk supplies the greater curvature of the stomach via the _____ ______ artery anastomosing with the _____ __________ artery

Answer 32

left gastroomental
right gastroomental

Question 33

Lymph from the stomach is drained through the ______, _______, and _______ lymph nodes into the ____ nodes

Answer 33

gastric, gastro-omental, pyloric
celiac

Question 34

The stomach is innervated by the ______ ______ nerves (sympathetic by way of the ________ ganglion) and ______ trunks (parasympathetic)

Answer 34

greater splanchnic
celiac
vagal

Question 35

The small intestine extends from the _______ to the ________ junction

Answer 35

pylorus, ileocecal

Question 36

The small intestine is differentiated into the _______, _________, ________

Answer 36

duodenum, jejunum, ileum