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Human Cadaver Anatomy > Back Anatomy II > Flashcards

Back Anatomy II Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

acts as a highway that allows communication between the body and the brain

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

an extension of the brain stem

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3
Q

Where does the spinal cord stop and begin?

A

begins at the foramen magnum, stops between L1 and L2

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4
Q

_____ pairs of spinal nerves branch off of the spinal cord and pass through the intervertebral foramina

A

31

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5
Q

How many cervical spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

8 C1-8

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6
Q

How many pairs of thoracis spinal nerves are there?

A

12

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7
Q

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

A

5

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8
Q

how many pairs of sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

A

5 sacral, one coccygeal

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9
Q

The cervical enlargement extends from ______ to______ and most ________ rami contribute to the _______ plexus which innervates the ________ limbs

A

C4 to T1, anterior, brachial, upper

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10
Q

the lumbosacral enlargement extends from _____ to _____ and most ______ rami contribute to the _______ and _______ plexuses which innervate the ______ limbs

A

L1-S3, anterior, lumbar, sacral, lower

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11
Q

Why does the spinal cord stop at the disc between L1 and L2?

A

because the vertebral canal grows much faster and to a larger extent than the spinal cord

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12
Q

The tapered lower end of the spinal cord is called the ______ ________

A

conus medullaris

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13
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral plexus and running through the lumbar cistern

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14
Q

What is the lumbar cistern

A

subarachnoid space

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15
Q

The filum terminale consists mostly of _____ mater and extends from the ______ ________, passes through the ______ hiatus and is attached to the ________ coccyx.

A

pia, conus medullaris, sacral, posterior

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16
Q

what is the function of the filum terminale?

A

anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord to the posterior side of the coccyx

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17
Q

The anterior root sends what kind of information, where?

A

motor information from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles

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18
Q

the posterior root returns what kind of information and where?

A

returns sensory information from the peripheral sensory receptors to the spinal cord

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19
Q

The anterior and posterior root of each spinal segment combines to form a specific ______ nerve that exits through the ___________ foramen

A

spinal, intervertebral

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20
Q

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ________ horns of the ________ matter

A

anterior, gray

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21
Q

cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the _________ ganglia outside of the _____________

A

spinal, spinal cord

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22
Q

anterior rami innervate what?

A

muscles, joints, skin of limbs, and anterior trunk

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23
Q

posterior rami innervate what?

A

zygopophyseal joints, muscles of back, skin of back

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24
Q

What spinal meninges cover the spinal cord?

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

25
Q

__________ and __________ fluid surround, support, and ______ spinal cord and ________ nerve roots including the cauda equina

A

meninges, cerebrospinal, protect, spinal

26
Q

how is the spinal dura mater separated from the vertebrae

A

by the extradural space that is occupied by adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus

27
Q

spinal dura mater forms the _______ ______ sac

A

spinal dural

28
Q

What is the spinal dural sac?

A

an elongated tube within the vertebral canal that runs from the margin of the foramen magnum to the coccyx where it is anchored via the filum terminale

29
Q

what is the internum

A

filum inside of dural sac

30
Q

what is the externum

A

pia enveloped in dura outside of sural sac, anchored to coccyx

31
Q

as the spinal nerve roots extend into the intervertebral foramen, they are surrounded by _________________ which are continuous distally with the ___________ of the spinal nerve

A

dural root sheaths, epineurium

32
Q

________________ mater lines the _______ sac and ___________ sheaths

A

spinal arachnoid, dural, dural root

33
Q

What does the spinal arachnoid mater enclose?

A

cerebrospinal fluid-filled subarachnoid space containing spinal cord, spinal roots, and spinal ganglia

34
Q

the subarachnoid space housing the cauda equina is the _________ _________

A

lumbar cistern

35
Q

___________ __________ span the subarachnoid space and attach to the spinal ______ mater

A

arachnoid trabeculae, pia

36
Q

What does the spinal pia mater envelop

A

spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and spinal arteries

37
Q

The spinal _______ mater continues as the filum terminale inferior to the conus medullaris

A

pia

38
Q

What three longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

one anterior spinal artery, and two posterior spinal arteries

39
Q

spinal arteries extend from ________ _______ to the __________ medullaris

A

medulla oblongata, conus

40
Q

Where do the spinal branches from cervical arteries and segmental arteries enter to supply the spinal cord?

A

intervertebral foramina

41
Q

spinal branches from cervical arteries and segmental arteries enter some intervertebral foramina and divide into _______ and _________ segmental arteries to __________ supply of the spinal cord and anastomose with __________ spinal arteries

A

anterior and posterior
reinforce
longitudinal

42
Q

_____________ and _________ radicular arteries supply spinal nerve roots and coverings

A

anterior and posterior

43
Q

_____ anterior longitudinal veins and _____ posterior longitudinal veins drain the spinal cord

A

3, 3

44
Q

____ anterior longitudinal artery and _______ posterior longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord

A

1, 2

45
Q

What are the superficial extrinsic muscles, what is their function?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid
connect upper limbs to trunk

46
Q

What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles, what is their function?

A

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
respiratory muscles

47
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

movement of vertebral column

48
Q

What are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

49
Q

where do the intrinsic back muscles extend from?

A

pelvis to cranium

50
Q

the fascia associated with thoracic and lumbar regions constitute the ____________ fascia

A

thoracolumbar

51
Q

What are the superficial intrinsic muscles?

A

splenius cervicis and splenius capitis

52
Q

What are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A

iliocostalis (lumborum, cervicis, thoracis)
longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)
spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

53
Q

What are the deep intrinsic muscles?

A

semispinalis (cervicis, thoracis, capitis)
multifidus
rotatores (longus, brevis)

54
Q

where do the deep intrinsic muscles originate from? insert on?

A

transverse processes and insert on superiorly located spinal processes

55
Q

What are the additional deep intrinsic muscles between adjacent vertebrae?

A

intertransversarius, interspinales, levatores costarum

56
Q

What are the suboccipital muscles?

A

rectus capitis posterior (major and minor)
obliqus capitus (superior and inferior)

57
Q

What muscles are part of the sub occipital triangle?

A

superomedial: rectus capitus posterior major
superolateral: obliquus capitis superior
inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior

58
Q

The suboccipital triangle contains the _________ artery and the _________ nerve

A

vertebral, suboccipital

59
Q
A

Human Cadaver Anatomy (39 decks)

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