Back Anatomy II

Question 1

what is the function of the spinal cord

Answer 1

acts as a highway that allows communication between the body and the brain

Question 2

What is the spinal cord?

Answer 2

an extension of the brain stem

Question 3

Where does the spinal cord stop and begin?

Answer 3

begins at the foramen magnum, stops between L1 and L2

Question 4

_____ pairs of spinal nerves branch off of the spinal cord and pass through the intervertebral foramina

Answer 4

31

Question 5

How many cervical spinal nerve pairs are there?

Answer 5

8 C1-8

Question 6

How many pairs of thoracis spinal nerves are there?

Answer 6

12

Question 7

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there?

Answer 7

5

Question 8

how many pairs of sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves are there?

Answer 8

5 sacral, one coccygeal

Question 9

The cervical enlargement extends from ______ to______ and most ________ rami contribute to the _______ plexus which innervates the ________ limbs

Answer 9

C4 to T1, anterior, brachial, upper

Question 10

the lumbosacral enlargement extends from _____ to _____ and most ______ rami contribute to the _______ and _______ plexuses which innervate the ______ limbs

Answer 10

L1-S3, anterior, lumbar, sacral, lower

Question 11

Why does the spinal cord stop at the disc between L1 and L2?

Answer 11

because the vertebral canal grows much faster and to a larger extent than the spinal cord

Question 12

The tapered lower end of the spinal cord is called the ______ ________

Answer 12

conus medullaris

Question 13

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 13

bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral plexus and running through the lumbar cistern

Question 14

What is the lumbar cistern

Answer 14

subarachnoid space

Question 15

The filum terminale consists mostly of _____ mater and extends from the ______ ________, passes through the ______ hiatus and is attached to the ________ coccyx.

Answer 15

pia, conus medullaris, sacral, posterior

Question 16

what is the function of the filum terminale?

Answer 16

anchors the inferior end of the spinal cord to the posterior side of the coccyx

Question 17

The anterior root sends what kind of information, where?

Answer 17

motor information from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles

Question 18

the posterior root returns what kind of information and where?

Answer 18

returns sensory information from the peripheral sensory receptors to the spinal cord

Question 19

The anterior and posterior root of each spinal segment combines to form a specific ______ nerve that exits through the ___________ foramen

Answer 19

spinal, intervertebral

Question 20

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ________ horns of the ________ matter

Answer 20

anterior, gray

Question 21

cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the _________ ganglia outside of the _____________

Answer 21

spinal, spinal cord

Question 22

anterior rami innervate what?

Answer 22

muscles, joints, skin of limbs, and anterior trunk

Question 23

posterior rami innervate what?

Answer 23

zygopophyseal joints, muscles of back, skin of back

Question 24

What spinal meninges cover the spinal cord?

Answer 24

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Question 25

__________ and __________ fluid surround, support, and ______ spinal cord and ________ nerve roots including the cauda equina

Answer 25

meninges, cerebrospinal, protect, spinal

Question 26

how is the spinal dura mater separated from the vertebrae

Answer 26

by the extradural space that is occupied by adipose tissue and the internal vertebral venous plexus

Question 27

spinal dura mater forms the _______ ______ sac

Answer 27

spinal dural

Question 28

What is the spinal dural sac?

Answer 28

an elongated tube within the vertebral canal that runs from the margin of the foramen magnum to the coccyx where it is anchored via the filum terminale

Question 29

what is the internum

Answer 29

filum inside of dural sac

Question 30

what is the externum

Answer 30

pia enveloped in dura outside of sural sac, anchored to coccyx

Question 31

as the spinal nerve roots extend into the intervertebral foramen, they are surrounded by _________________ which are continuous distally with the ___________ of the spinal nerve

Answer 31

dural root sheaths, epineurium

Question 32

________________ mater lines the _______ sac and ___________ sheaths

Answer 32

spinal arachnoid, dural, dural root

Question 33

What does the spinal arachnoid mater enclose?

Answer 33

cerebrospinal fluid-filled subarachnoid space containing spinal cord, spinal roots, and spinal ganglia

Question 34

the subarachnoid space housing the cauda equina is the _________ _________

Answer 34

lumbar cistern

Question 35

___________ __________ span the subarachnoid space and attach to the spinal ______ mater

Answer 35

arachnoid trabeculae, pia

Question 36

What does the spinal pia mater envelop

Answer 36

spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and spinal arteries

Question 37

The spinal _______ mater continues as the filum terminale inferior to the conus medullaris

Answer 37

pia

Question 38

What three longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

Answer 38

one anterior spinal artery, and two posterior spinal arteries

Question 39

spinal arteries extend from ________ _______ to the __________ medullaris

Answer 39

medulla oblongata, conus

Question 40

Where do the spinal branches from cervical arteries and segmental arteries enter to supply the spinal cord?

Answer 40

intervertebral foramina

Question 41

spinal branches from cervical arteries and segmental arteries enter some intervertebral foramina and divide into _______ and _________ segmental arteries to __________ supply of the spinal cord and anastomose with __________ spinal arteries

Answer 41

anterior and posterior reinforce longitudinal

Question 42

_____________ and _________ radicular arteries supply spinal nerve roots and coverings

Answer 42

anterior and posterior

Question 43

_____ anterior longitudinal veins and _____ posterior longitudinal veins drain the spinal cord

Answer 43

3, 3

Question 44

____ anterior longitudinal artery and _______ posterior longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord

Answer 44

1, 2

Question 45

What are the superficial extrinsic muscles, what is their function?

Answer 45

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid connect upper limbs to trunk

Question 46

What are the intermediate extrinsic muscles, what is their function?

Answer 46

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior respiratory muscles

Question 47

What is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 47

movement of vertebral column

Question 48

What are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

Answer 48

posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 49

where do the intrinsic back muscles extend from?

Answer 49

pelvis to cranium

Question 50

the fascia associated with thoracic and lumbar regions constitute the ____________ fascia

Answer 50

thoracolumbar

Question 51

What are the superficial intrinsic muscles?

Answer 51

splenius cervicis and splenius capitis

Question 52

What are the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

Answer 52

iliocostalis (lumborum, cervicis, thoracis) longissimus (thoracis, cervicis, capitis) spinalis (thoracis, cervicis, capitis)

Question 53

What are the deep intrinsic muscles?

Answer 53

semispinalis (cervicis, thoracis, capitis) multifidus rotatores (longus, brevis)

Question 54

where do the deep intrinsic muscles originate from? insert on?

Answer 54

transverse processes and insert on superiorly located spinal processes

Question 55

What are the additional deep intrinsic muscles between adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 55

intertransversarius, interspinales, levatores costarum

Question 56

What are the suboccipital muscles?

Answer 56

rectus capitis posterior (major and minor) obliqus capitus (superior and inferior)

Question 57

What muscles are part of the sub occipital triangle?

Answer 57

superomedial: rectus capitus posterior major superolateral: obliquus capitis superior inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior

Question 58

The suboccipital triangle contains the _________ artery and the _________ nerve

Answer 58

vertebral, suboccipital