Back Anatomy I (part 2.)

Question 1

What is a symphysis joint? What is it formed by?

Answer 1

a fibrocartilaginous fusion between adjacent vertebrae, intervertebral discs

Question 2

An intervertebral disc is composed of _______ _______ and the _______ __________

Answer 2

nucleus pulposus, anulous fibrosus

Question 3

What is the nucleus pulposus? what is its function?

Answer 3

notochord remains, gelatinous and absorbs compressional forces

Question 4

What is the annulus fibrosus? what is its fucntion?

Answer 4

12 concentric rings of fibrocartilage running in opposite directions, helps to contain the nucleus pulposus

Question 5

The intervertebral discs make up ______ of vertebral column hieght

Answer 5

25%

Question 6

there is no _________ ________ between the occiput and atlas and between the atlas and axis

Answer 6

no intervertebral disc

Question 7

Where is the inferior-most intervertebral disc located?

Answer 7

L5-S1

Question 8

_________ and __________ change the shape of the nucleus pulposus

Answer 8

load and movement

Question 9

During flexion and extension the nucleus pulposus serves as a _______

Answer 9

fulcrum

Question 10

What is creep? Who does it effect?

Answer 10

intervertebral discs undergo slow deformation while subject is under persistent mechanical stress (gravity), all people

Question 11

What is a disc herniation?

Answer 11

prolapsed disc, comes out of containment

Question 12

What causes disc herniation?

Answer 12

rupture of annulus fibrosus and the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

Question 13

Where will the nucleus pulposus most likely prolapse, why?

Answer 13

posterolaterally, bc annulus fibrosus is the tinnest poosteriorly on either side of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 14

What can happen to the spinal cord if a disc prolapses?

Answer 14

can get compressed

Question 15

What is sciatica?

Answer 15

a prolapsed disc pushing on the sciatic nerve, causes a sharp electrical pain down the legs

Question 16

Where are uncovertebral joints located?

Answer 16

C3-C7, between the uncinate processes

Question 17

What are uncovertebral joints? Where are they located?

Answer 17

small, synovial joint-like structures between the unci of the bodies of the lower vertebrae and the beveled surfaces of the superior vertebral bodies

Question 18

What are synovial joints characterized by?

Answer 18

the presence of an articular joint capsule and an articular cavity

Question 19

Where are synovial joints located?

Answer 19

posterolateral margins of the intervertebral discs

Question 20

What is the function of synovial joints?

Answer 20

stabilizes cervical spine and limits lateral flexion

Question 21

What provides the major support for the vertebral column

Answer 21

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 22

Where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments located?

Answer 22

across the anterior and posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs respectively

Question 23

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament expand from, what is its function

Answer 23

from occipital bone and anterior tubercle of atlas to anterior sacrum, stability, restricts some rotation and extension

Question 24

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament expand from, what is its function

Answer 24

extends from from axis to sacrum, provides stability and limits flexion

Question 25

What does DISH stand for?

Answer 25

Diffuse ideopathic skeletal hyperstosis

Question 26

What is DISH?

Answer 26

when the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament becomes calcified restricting movement

Question 27

Why is DISH in the posterior longitudinal ligament worse?

Answer 27

can compress the spinal cord

Question 28

What is the ligament between lamina called?

Answer 28

ligamentum flavum

Question 29

What are zygapophysial joints?

Answer 29

set of synovial joints between the superior and inferior articulating processes of two adjacent vertebrae

Question 30

How many zygopophysial joints are located in each spinal motion segment

Answer 30

2

Question 31

what do synovial joints consist of?

Answer 31

articular hyaline cartilage, articular capsule surrounding an articular cavity, synovial fluid

Question 32

what does the articular cavity of a synovial joint consist of?

Answer 32

outer fibrous layer of irregular connective tissue and inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into cavitY

Question 33

What is synovial fluid composed of?

Answer 33

glycoproteins and blood filtrate from capillaries of synovial membrane

Question 34

What is weeping lubrication? What is its function?

Answer 34

pressure on articular cartilage squeezing synovial fluid into and out of the cartilage, helps with nourishment

Question 35

How often does weeping lubrication occur?

Answer 35

every time the individual moves

Question 36

Each zygophophyseal joint is innervated by _____ (#) _______ nerves

Answer 36

two spinal nerves

Question 37

Each zygopophyseal joint is innervated by the ____________ branches of the ___________ rami of _________ nerves

Answer 37

medial articular, posterior, spinal

Question 38

The external occipital protuberance serves as an _____ ________ for the _______ ligament which extends down to C7

Answer 38

anchor point, nuchal

Question 39

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, and supraspinous ligament?

Answer 39

provide additional vertebral column support

Question 40

Where does the nuchal ligament extend from and what does it merge with

Answer 40

extends from external occipital protuberance and external occipital crest to tip of C7. merges with supraspinous ligament

Question 41

What are the atlantooccipital joints?

Answer 41

synovial articulation between superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles

Question 42

What does the atlantooccipital joint function in?

Answer 42

allows for flexion and extension, nodding yes

Question 43

how many atlanto-axial joints are there? what are they?

Answer 43

3, 2 lateral and 1 median

Question 44

What is the articulation of the lateral atlanto-axial joints?

Answer 44

joints between articulating processes of axis and atlas

Question 45

What is the articulation of the median atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 45

joint between the atlas and odontoid process of axis

Question 46

The atlas and head pivot around the __________ process (allowing for 'no motion') held in place by the ________ ligament

Answer 46

odontoid, transverse

Question 47

What ligaments form the cruciate ligament, what is their function?

Answer 47

transverse and superior/inferior longitudinal ligaments to stabilize the odontoid process

Question 48

What is the function of the alar ligament

Answer 48

connect odontoid process to occipital condyles

Question 49

What is the tectorial membrane, what is its function?

Answer 49

superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament that covers the odontoid process. addded protection so the odontoid process doesnt impale the spinal cord

Question 50

Where does the tectorial membrane extend from?

Answer 50

covers odontoid process and ligaments, passes through the foramen magnum and inserts on the floor of the cranial cavity

Question 51

What is the anterior atlantooccipital membrane, what is its function?

Answer 51

continuation of anterior longitudinal ligament, connects axis to atlas

Question 52

What does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane connect?

Answer 52

the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the anterior arch of the atlas

Question 53

What is the posterior atlantooccipital membrane, what is its function?

Answer 53

continuation of the ligamentum flavum, connects occipital bone with the posterior arch of atlas

Question 54

What does the posterior atlantooccipital membrane connect?

Answer 54

the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlas

Question 55

What is the function of the anterior and posterior atlantoaxial membranes?

Answer 55

connect atlas and axis

Question 56

What arteries supply the vertebral bodies?

Answer 56

equatorial branches from cervical arteries, and segmental arteries that arise from the aorta

Question 57

What arteries supply the back muscles and vertebral arches ?

Answer 57

posterior branches of segmental arteries via periosteal branches

Question 58

Where does the spinal branch of the posterior interocstal artery enter the vertebral canal?

Answer 58

intervertebral foramen

Question 59

T/F the redicular arteries will anastamose with the longitudinal arteries

Answer 59

false

Question 60

_______ arteries will anastamose with the longitudinal arteries

Answer 60

segmental medullary

Question 61

Where do the spinal branches from the cervical and segmental arteries enter the vertebral canal? What do they divide into? What do they supply?

Answer 61

intervertebral foramina, divide into anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches, supply the bone surrounding the vertebral canal and ligaments

Question 62

What do they radicular or segmental medullary arteries from spinal branches supply?

Answer 62

meninges, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots

Question 63

What do the spinal veins from? where do they drain?

Answer 63

external and internal vertebral venous plexuses that drain into segmental veins

Question 64

What are zygopophyseal joints innervated by?

Answer 64

the medial articular branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves

Question 65

what are the structures within the vertebral canal innervated by?

Answer 65

meningeal nerves

Question 66

What are meningeal nerves?

Answer 66

spinal nerves that re-enter the intervertebral foramina

Question 67

what does the spinal nerve bifurcate into?

Answer 67

the anterior and posterior rami

Question 68

what does the posterior rami innervate?

Answer 68

back musculature

Question 69

Where does the recurrent branch of the meningeal nerve head? What does it innervate after bifurcation?

Answer 69

back into the intervertebral foramen, bifurcates to innervate meninges, ligaments, and bone