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Human Cadaver Anatomy > Back Anatomy I (part 2.) > Flashcards

Back Anatomy I (part 2.) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a symphysis joint? What is it formed by?

A

a fibrocartilaginous fusion between adjacent vertebrae, intervertebral discs

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2
Q

An intervertebral disc is composed of _______ _______ and the _______ __________

A

nucleus pulposus, anulous fibrosus

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3
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus? what is its function?

A

notochord remains, gelatinous and absorbs compressional forces

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4
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus? what is its fucntion?

A

12 concentric rings of fibrocartilage running in opposite directions, helps to contain the nucleus pulposus

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5
Q

The intervertebral discs make up ______ of vertebral column hieght

A

25%

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6
Q

there is no _________ ________ between the occiput and atlas and between the atlas and axis

A

no intervertebral disc

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7
Q

Where is the inferior-most intervertebral disc located?

A

L5-S1

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8
Q

_________ and __________ change the shape of the nucleus pulposus

A

load and movement

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9
Q

During flexion and extension the nucleus pulposus serves as a _______

A

fulcrum

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10
Q

What is creep? Who does it effect?

A

intervertebral discs undergo slow deformation while subject is under persistent mechanical stress (gravity), all people

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11
Q

What is a disc herniation?

A

prolapsed disc, comes out of containment

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12
Q

What causes disc herniation?

A

rupture of annulus fibrosus and the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

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13
Q

Where will the nucleus pulposus most likely prolapse, why?

A

posterolaterally, bc annulus fibrosus is the tinnest poosteriorly on either side of the posterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

What can happen to the spinal cord if a disc prolapses?

A

can get compressed

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15
Q

What is sciatica?

A

a prolapsed disc pushing on the sciatic nerve, causes a sharp electrical pain down the legs

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16
Q

Where are uncovertebral joints located?

A

C3-C7, between the uncinate processes

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17
Q

What are uncovertebral joints? Where are they located?

A

small, synovial joint-like structures between the unci of the bodies of the lower vertebrae and the beveled surfaces of the superior vertebral bodies

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18
Q

What are synovial joints characterized by?

A

the presence of an articular joint capsule and an articular cavity

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19
Q

Where are synovial joints located?

A

posterolateral margins of the intervertebral discs

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20
Q

What is the function of synovial joints?

A

stabilizes cervical spine and limits lateral flexion

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21
Q

What provides the major support for the vertebral column

A

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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22
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments located?

A

across the anterior and posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs respectively

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23
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament expand from, what is its function

A

from occipital bone and anterior tubercle of atlas to anterior sacrum, stability, restricts some rotation and extension

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24
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament expand from, what is its function

A

extends from from axis to sacrum, provides stability and limits flexion

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25
Q

What does DISH stand for?

A

Diffuse ideopathic skeletal hyperstosis

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26
Q

What is DISH?

A

when the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament becomes calcified restricting movement

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27
Q

Why is DISH in the posterior longitudinal ligament worse?

A

can compress the spinal cord

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28
Q

What is the ligament between lamina called?

A

ligamentum flavum

29
Q

What are zygapophysial joints?

A

set of synovial joints between the superior and inferior articulating processes of two adjacent vertebrae

30
Q

How many zygopophysial joints are located in each spinal motion segment

A

2

31
Q

what do synovial joints consist of?

A

articular hyaline cartilage, articular capsule surrounding an articular cavity, synovial fluid

32
Q

what does the articular cavity of a synovial joint consist of?

A

outer fibrous layer of irregular connective tissue and inner synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid into cavitY

33
Q

What is synovial fluid composed of?

A

glycoproteins and blood filtrate from capillaries of synovial membrane

34
Q

What is weeping lubrication? What is its function?

A

pressure on articular cartilage squeezing synovial fluid into and out of the cartilage, helps with nourishment

35
Q

How often does weeping lubrication occur?

A

every time the individual moves

36
Q

Each zygophophyseal joint is innervated by _____ (#) _______ nerves

A

two spinal nerves

37
Q

Each zygopophyseal joint is innervated by the ____________ branches of the ___________ rami of _________ nerves

A

medial articular, posterior, spinal

38
Q

The external occipital protuberance serves as an _____ ________ for the _______ ligament which extends down to C7

A

anchor point, nuchal

39
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, and supraspinous ligament?

A

provide additional vertebral column support

40
Q

Where does the nuchal ligament extend from and what does it merge with

A

extends from external occipital protuberance and external occipital crest to tip of C7.
merges with supraspinous ligament

41
Q

What are the atlantooccipital joints?

A

synovial articulation between superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles

42
Q

What does the atlantooccipital joint function in?

A

allows for flexion and extension, nodding yes

43
Q

how many atlanto-axial joints are there? what are they?

A

3, 2 lateral and 1 median

44
Q

What is the articulation of the lateral atlanto-axial joints?

A

joints between articulating processes of axis and atlas

45
Q

What is the articulation of the median atlanto-axial joint?

A

joint between the atlas and odontoid process of axis

46
Q

The atlas and head pivot around the __________ process (allowing for ‘no motion’) held in place by the ________ ligament

A

odontoid, transverse

47
Q

What ligaments form the cruciate ligament, what is their function?

A

transverse and superior/inferior longitudinal ligaments to stabilize the odontoid process

48
Q

What is the function of the alar ligament

A

connect odontoid process to occipital condyles

49
Q

What is the tectorial membrane, what is its function?

A

superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament that covers the odontoid process. addded protection so the odontoid process doesnt impale the spinal cord

50
Q

Where does the tectorial membrane extend from?

A

covers odontoid process and ligaments, passes through the foramen magnum and inserts on the floor of the cranial cavity

51
Q

What is the anterior atlantooccipital membrane, what is its function?

A

continuation of anterior longitudinal ligament, connects axis to atlas

52
Q

What does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane connect?

A

the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the anterior arch of the atlas

53
Q

What is the posterior atlantooccipital membrane, what is its function?

A

continuation of the ligamentum flavum, connects occipital bone with the posterior arch of atlas

54
Q

What does the posterior atlantooccipital membrane connect?

A

the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and the posterior arch of the atlas

55
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior atlantoaxial membranes?

A

connect atlas and axis

56
Q

What arteries supply the vertebral bodies?

A

equatorial branches from cervical arteries, and segmental arteries that arise from the aorta

57
Q

What arteries supply the back muscles and vertebral arches ?

A

posterior branches of segmental arteries via periosteal branches

58
Q

Where does the spinal branch of the posterior interocstal artery enter the vertebral canal?

A

intervertebral foramen

59
Q

T/F the redicular arteries will anastamose with the longitudinal arteries

A

false

60
Q

_______ arteries will anastamose with the longitudinal arteries

A

segmental medullary

61
Q

Where do the spinal branches from the cervical and segmental arteries enter the vertebral canal? What do they divide into? What do they supply?

A

intervertebral foramina, divide into anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches, supply the bone surrounding the vertebral canal and ligaments

62
Q

What do they radicular or segmental medullary arteries from spinal branches supply?

A

meninges, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots

63
Q

What do the spinal veins from? where do they drain?

A

external and internal vertebral venous plexuses that drain into segmental veins

64
Q

What are zygopophyseal joints innervated by?

A

the medial articular branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves

65
Q

what are the structures within the vertebral canal innervated by?

A

meningeal nerves

66
Q

What are meningeal nerves?

A

spinal nerves that re-enter the intervertebral foramina

67
Q

what does the spinal nerve bifurcate into?

A

the anterior and posterior rami

68
Q

what does the posterior rami innervate?

A

back musculature

69
Q

Where does the recurrent branch of the meningeal nerve head? What does it innervate after bifurcation?

A

back into the intervertebral foramen, bifurcates to innervate meninges, ligaments, and bone

Human Cadaver Anatomy (39 decks)

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