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Human Cadaver Anatomy > Back Anatomy I > Flashcards

Back Anatomy I Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between a plane and a section

A

a plane is an imaginary cut through the body, a section is an actual cut through the body

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2
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column?

A

it is the main support of the body axis, protects the spinal cord, contains skeletal muscle attachment points

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3
Q

How many bones are contained in the vertebral column of a human adult over the age of 25?

A

26 bones

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4
Q

How many bones are contained in the vertebral column of a human adult under the age of 25?

A

33 bones

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5
Q

Which two curvatures of the vertebral column are the primary curvatures?

A

the thoracic and sacral curves (kyphosis)

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6
Q

the thoracic and sacral curves are (concave/convex) posteriorly

A

convex

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7
Q

the cervical and lumbar curves are (concave/convex) posteriorly

A

concave

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8
Q

What two curvatures of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures?

A

cervical and lumbar curves (lordosis)

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9
Q

what is the function of the vertebrae?

A

main support of the body axis, protects the spinal cord, skeletal muscle attachment and movement

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10
Q

the spinous and transverse processes serve as _____ and ________ attachment sites

A

muscle and ligament

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11
Q

what is a laminotomy?

A

when a piece of the lamina is cut off to access the spinal cord

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12
Q

what do the superior and inferior vertebral notches form?

A

the intervertebral foramen, an exit point for spinal nerves

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13
Q

What forms the zygapophyseal joints?

A

articulation between inferior articular processes and facets with superior articular processes adn facets of the vertebrae immediately inferior

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14
Q

What happens to the spinal nerve after it passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A

bifurcates into two major branches, one heads dorsally and the other anteriorly

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15
Q

moving inferiorly, the vertebral bodies (increase/decrease) in size in relationship to (increased/decreased) weight bearing, and the size of the vertebral canal changes in relationship to the _______ of the spinal cord

A

increase, increased, diameter

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16
Q

What kind of bones do vertebral bodies consist of?

A

largely of trabecular (spongy) bone that is covered by a relatively thin layer of compact bone

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17
Q

What are the end plates that cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies composed of?

A

hyaline cartilage surrounded by smooth bony epiphysial rims

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18
Q

What are the main identifiers of cervical vertebrae?

A

wider but not thick bodies, transverse foramina located in the transverse processes, bifid spinous processes with the exception of C1 and C7

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19
Q

In the cervical vertebrae, which way do the superior facets face?

A

superoposteriorly (up and back)

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20
Q

In the cervical vertebrae, which way do the inferior facets face?

A

inferoanteriorly (down and forward)

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21
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

large spinous process on C7 that can be seen and felt through the skin

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22
Q

T/F there are intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies between the skull and axis

A

false

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23
Q

What does the atlas articulate with on the skull, what motion does this allow for?

A

articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull which allows for flexion and extension.

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24
Q

What are the atlantooccipital joints (2) formed by?

A

The articulation of the large facets of the atlas with the occipital condyles

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25
Q

What does the atlas (C1) consist of?

A

anterior and posterior arches and lateral masses (superior and inferior articulating surfaces

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26
Q

What does the axis (C2) consist of?

A

body, spinous and transverse processes

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27
Q

what is the odontoid process formed by?

A

it is the missing body of the atlas that fuses with the axis during development

28
Q

What is the function of the odontoid process

A

acts as a pivot point from the rotation of the atlas and skull, allows for the no motion

29
Q

T/F there is a disc between the atlas and axis

A

false

30
Q

What causes a Jeffersons burst fracture?

A

force pushing down onto the head that bursts the atlas

31
Q

Where does the vertebral artery enter the vertebral column? where does it head?

A

C6, up towards skull

32
Q

What artery forms when the vertebral artery reaches the skull? What does this new artery supply blood to?

A

basal artery, posterior part of the brain

33
Q

The transverse foramina give passage to the vertebral artery and vein and __________ nerves

A

sympathetic

34
Q

Where do the vertebral artery and vein usually pass in front of rather than the foramen in C7

A

transverse process

35
Q

Where do the beams head in an AP film?

A

anterior-posteriorly

36
Q

Where do the beams head in a lateral film?

A

laterally

37
Q

Where do the beams head in an APOM film?

A

anterior-posteriorly with an open mouth

38
Q

What does an APOM film allow us to see?

A

axis and atlas

39
Q

What is an odontoid fracture? Why is this bad?

A

When there is a crack or break in the odontoid process, if the neck is moved this can impale the spinal cord

40
Q

T1 has a fully formed _________ _________ facet, why is this important?

A

superior costal, the first rib doesn’t touch C7, and articulates only on T1

41
Q

What does the rib head articulate with in thoracic vertebrae?

A

inferior costal facet of superior vertebrae and superior costal facet of inferior vertebrae

42
Q

How many facets do most thoracic vertebrae bodies contain? what are they called?

A

2 facets, superior and inferior costal facets

43
Q

T10 - 12 have fully formed _______ facets. Which ribs do these vertebrae articulate with

A

single
T10 - 10th rib
T11 - 11th rib
T12 - 12th rib

44
Q

In thoracic vertebrae, spinous processes are _____ and directed ________

A

long, inferiorly

45
Q

What do the transverse processes of T1-T10 contain that articulate with the rib tubercle?

A

transverse costal facets

46
Q

In thoracic vertebrae, _______ ________ facets face posterior and inferior and ____________ __________ facets face anterior, this allows for what kind of movement, and limits what kind of movement?

A

superior articulating, inferior articulating, allows for rotation, limits flexion and extension

47
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

stress fracture in the vertebral arch

48
Q

What is the pars interarticularis, where is it located?

A

region of lamina between the inferior and superior articular processes of joint

49
Q

What do you look for in an oblique film? How do you know if there is a break/ fracture?

A

scotty dogs, scotty dog with a collar indicates a break or fracture

50
Q

What are 2 idenitfying features of lumbar vertebrae?

A

body is robust, vertebral arch and processes are short and thick.

51
Q

Why are lumbar vertebral bodies so robust?

A

weight bearing, must be able to withstand pressure

52
Q

Why are the lumbar vertebral processes and arches short and thick?

A

for the attachment of large muscles

53
Q

IN lumbar vertebrae, ________ _______ facets face posteromedial and the __________ _______ facet faces anterolateral, what kind of movement foes this allow for, and what kind does it restrict?

A

superior articulating, inferior articulating
allows for flexion and extension but limits rotation

54
Q

What is the sacrum composed of?

A

fusion of 5 sacral vertabrae

55
Q

what is the sacrum?

A

fused vertebrae that forms the posterior wall of the pelvis ( amrked by transverse lines and ridges

56
Q

The sacrum articulates with ____ through ________ _______ processes and facets and _________ discs

A

L5
superior articulating processes and facets
intervertebral

57
Q

_____ articulates with the ______of the pelvis to form the sacroiliac joints

A

ala, ilia

58
Q

What are the median crests of the sacrum composed of?

A

fused spinous processes

59
Q

What are the lateral crests of the sacrum composed of?

A

fused transverse processes

60
Q

Branches of spinal nerves exit through the _________ (ventral ramii) and _______(dorsal ramii) sacral foramina

A

anterior and posterior

61
Q

The _______ canal is a continuation of the vertebral canal

A

sacral

62
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

the end of the sacral canal

63
Q

The Coccyx is comprised of _________ fused vertebrae and articulates with the sacrum at the ___________ ________

A

3-5, sacral apex

64
Q

Although described as vestigial, the coccyx does provide insertion points for multiple ________, __________, __________, and __________.

A

muscles, ligaments, tendons, and filum terminale

65
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

fibrous extension of the spinal cord

Human Cadaver Anatomy (39 decks)

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