Mediastinum

Question 1

What are the structures superior mediastinum?

Answer 1

Thymus, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, arch azygous vein, arch of aorta and branches

Question 2

The _________ gland is replaced by adipose tissue following puberty

Answer 2

thymus

Question 3

The union of the right and left internal _________ and _______veins that drains upper limbs and head and neck, right ________ angle receives lymph from right lymphatic duct, left venous angle receives lymph from _______ duct

Answer 3

jugular, subclavian, venous, thoracic

Question 4

The union of the right and left _________ veins returns oxygen _______ blood to right atrium from all structures superior to _______ except for heart and lungs

Answer 4

Branchiocephalic, poor, diaphragm

Question 5

The arch of the azygous vein provide collateral blood flow from the lower half of the body to the superior ______ _____ (bypassing inferior vena cava)

Answer 5

vena cava

Question 6

the _________ trunk, left common _______ artery, and left _________ artery, supplies head and neck and __________ limbs

Answer 6

brachiocephalic, carotid, subclavian, upper

Question 7

ligamentum __________ attaches aorta to the left _________ artery, the left recurrent ________ nerve passes lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum and ascends towards the _______ between the trachea and esophagus

Answer 7

arteriosum, pulmonary, laryngeal, larynx

Question 8

The aortic arch ascends at the level of the ______ angle anterior to the right _______ artery and ______ of the trachea, then passes superoposteriorly and to the left of the ________ and esophagus and arches over left main _______ and left pulmonary artery and reaches the left side of the T4 vertebral body (to become the descending aorta)

Answer 8

sternal, pulmonary, bifurcation, trachea, bronchus

Question 9

The _______ nerves pass posterior to branchiocephalic veins and root of the lungs (parasympathetic)

Answer 9

vagus

Question 10

the left recurrent ________ nerve of vagus loops under the arch of the aorta lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum and ascends towards the larynx between the trachea and ___________

Answer 10

laryngeal, esophagus

Question 11

________ nerves contribute to the __________ and esophageal plexuses

Answer 11

vagus, pulmonary

Question 12

________ nerves pass anterior to root of lungs (innervate diaphragm)

Answer 12

phrenic

Question 13

the _______ extends into thorax from neck via the _______ ________ aperture anterior to the esophagus, consists of incomplete cartilaginous rings, ends at level of sternal angle where it bifurcates into main bronchi

Answer 13

trachea, superior thoracic

Question 14

the ________ extends into thorax from neck via superior thoracic aperture anterior to T1-4 vertebrae

Answer 14

esophagus

Question 15

The _____ duct is a lymphatic duct between the esophagus and left _______ nerve, drains lymph at left venous angle

Answer 15

thoracic, vagus

Question 16

In the posterior mediastinum, the _______ passes posterior to the pericardium and antrior to the descending aorta, passes into the abdomen via the esophageal hiatus of the ______

Answer 16

esophagus, diapraghm

Question 17

The esophageal plexus consists of ________ axons of the vagus nerves that innervate smooth muscle of the inferior esophageal wall and inferior esophageal sphincter

Answer 17

preganglionic

Question 18

the thoracic aorta is a continuation of the arch of the aorta, descends on the left side of T5-12 and lies posterior to the root of the left lung, pericardium, and esophagus, passes into the abdomen via the aortic _______ of the diaphragm, and is surrounded by the thoracic aortic __________

Answer 18

hiatus, plexus

Question 19

what are the branches of the thoracic aorta

Answer 19

bronchial arteries, mediastinal arteries, esophageal arteries, pericardial arteries, posterior intercostal arteries, superior phrenic arteries, and subcostal arteries

Question 20

what do the bronchial arteries supply?

Answer 20

trachea, bromchi, lung tissue, lymoh nodes

Question 21

what do the mediastinal arteries supply?

Answer 21

the lymph nodes of the posterior mediastinum

Question 22

what do the esophageal arteries supply?

Answer 22

unpaired, supply esophagus

Question 23

what do the pericardial arteries supply?

Answer 23

unpaired, supplies pericardium

Question 24

what fo the posterior intercostal arteries anastomose with? where do they pass through?

Answer 24

pass into 3rd-11th intercostal spaces, anastomose with anterior intercostal arteries from the internal thoracic arteries

Question 25

What do the superior phrenic arteries supply? what do they anastamose with

Answer 25

supply superior surface of the diaphragm, anastamose with the musculophrenic arteries of the internal thoracic arteries

Question 26

What do the subcostal arteries supply?

Answer 26

abdominal muscles

Question 27

Where does the thoracic duct begin in the abdomen, where does it pass through?

Answer 27

cisterna chyli, passes through aortic hiatus

Question 28

The thoracic duct ascends on T__-___ vertebral bodies into the superior ______

Answer 28

T5-12, mediastinum

Question 29

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

Answer 29

lower limbs, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, left side of thorax, left side of head and neck, and left upper limb

Question 30

The hemi azygous and accessory azygous drain into _________ vein

Answer 30

azygous

Question 31

The left superior _____ vein receives superior left posterior ________ veins and drain into left branchiocephalic vein

Answer 31

intercostal, intercostal

Question 32

the azygous vein drains into superior _______ _______ but also communicates with inferior _____ _________

Answer 32

azygous, vena cava, vena cava

Question 33

The azygous vein receives right _____ intercostal veins and drains the right posterior _____ wall

Answer 33

posterior, thoracic

Question 34

the hemi-azygous vein recieves inferior left posterior ______, _______, and _______ veins

Answer 34

intercostal, mediastinal, esophageal

Question 35

the accessory hemi-azygous vein receives left middle posterior _______ veins and drains left posterior _________ wall

Answer 35

interocstal, thoracic

Question 36

What are the thoracic splanchnic nerved?

Answer 36

preganglionic sympathetic nerves that arise from the lateral horn of the spinal cord, pierce the diaphragm, and synapse with postganglionic nerves located in ganglia within the abdominal cavity

Question 37

the thoracic splanchnic nerves innervate the

Answer 37

abdominal viscera and vasculature

Question 38

The thoracic splanchnic nerve includes the greater splanchnic nerve T_-T_, lesser splanchnic nerve T_-T_, least splanchnic nerve T_

Answer 38

6-9, 10-11, 12

Question 39

What are the adjacent structures to the mediastinum that are not considered part of the mediastinum?

Answer 39

inferior vena cava, thoracic sympathetic trunk

Question 40

Where does the thoracic sympathetic trunk lie?

Answer 40

thoracic vertebral bodies

Question 41

Where does the inferior vena cava enter? what does it drain?

Answer 41

enters thorax through vena caval foramen of diaphragm, drains abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremeties