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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Thorax and Abdomen Viscera > Flashcards

Thorax and Abdomen Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

Inferior Mediastinum lymphatics

A
  • in myocardium
  • follow coronary arteries
  • end in single vessel to inferior tracheobronchial LN
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2
Q

Inferior mediastinum innervation

A
  • cardiac plexus
  • parasympathetic= CN X
  • sympathetic= sympathetic trunk via cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves
  • visceral afferents
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3
Q

Superior mediastinum contents from anterior to posterior

A
  • thymus
  • great vessels: veins (anterior to arteries) and arteries
  • nerves
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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4
Q

Thymus location

A

-behind manubrium

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5
Q

Thymus arterial supply

A

-internal thoracic artery–> anterior intercostal atery

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6
Q

Thymus venous drainage

A
  • internal thoracic vein

- inferior thyroid vein

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7
Q

Thymus lymphatics

A
  • parasternal LN
  • brachiocephalic LN
  • tracheobronchial LN
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8
Q

Abdominal viscera parasympathetic innervation

A
  • CN X: esophagus to transverse colon

- pelvic splanchnic nerves (from ventral rami S2-S4): descending colon to rectum

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9
Q

Abdominal viscera sympathetic innervation

A

-neuron cell bodies in the lateral horns of T5-L2 give off axons which travel through the sympathetic trunk to the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves to the aortic plexus to periarterial plexuses to viscera

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10
Q

Celiac trunk 3 main branches

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery
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11
Q

Splenic artery branch

A

-left gastro-omental artery

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12
Q

Common hepatic artery branches

A
  • gastroduodenal artery–> right gastro-omental artery
  • right gastric artery
  • hepatic artery proper
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13
Q

Superior mesenteric artery branches

A
  • Middle colic artery (supplies transverse colon)
  • right colic artery (supplies ascending colon)
  • ileocolic artery (supplies ileum, cecum, and ascending colon)
  • intestinal artery (supplies jejunum and ileum: jejunal and ileal a.)
  • serves midgut
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14
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery branches

A
  • serves hindgut
  • left colic artery (supples the descending colon)
  • sigmoidal branches (supplies the descending and sigmoid colon)
  • superior rectal artery (terminal branch of IMA; supplies superior rectum)
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15
Q

Non inferior mesenteric arterial supply to hindgut

A
  • middle rectal a.–> from internal iliac a. (supplies middle rectum)
  • inferior rectal a.–> from internal pudendal a. (supplies distal rectum and anal canal)
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16
Q

Small intestine arteries

A
  • arterial arcades

- vasa recta

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17
Q

Arterial arcades

A
  • loops of arteries supplying jejunum and ileum

- more numerous in the ileum

18
Q

Vasa recta

A
  • straight arteries from arcades to intestines

- shorter in ileum compared to jejunum

19
Q

Spleen

A
  • largest lymphoid organ
  • served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the hilus
  • has a fibrous capsule and trabeculae
  • contains white (high lymphocyte) and red (high macrophages/RBC) pulp
  • contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and huge numbers of erythrocytes
20
Q

Spleen functions

A
  • site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
  • cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris
  • stores breakdown products of RBC for later reuse
  • stores blood platelets
  • site of fetal erythrocyte production (normally ceases after birth)
21
Q

Pancreas

A
  • triangular gland behind the stomach

- has both exocrine and endocrine cells

22
Q

Pancreas components

A
  • head
  • uncinate process: behind SMA
  • neck: on top of SMA
  • body
  • tail
  • main pancreatic duct: from tail to the major duodenal papilla (Ampulla of Vater)
  • accessory pancreatic duct: to minor duodenal papilla
23
Q

Acinar cells

A
  • exocrine glands

- produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion

24
Q

Pancreatic islets

A
  • islets of langerhans
  • contain endocrine cells
  • alpha and beta cells
25
Q

Alpha cells

A
  • produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

- promotes the release of glucose into the blood

26
Q

Beta cells

A
  • produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
  • lowers blood glucose levels
  • enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells
27
Q

Sphincters

A
  • sphincter of bile duct
  • sphincter of pancreatic duct
  • hepatopancreatic duct sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
28
Q

Liver

A
  • largest gland in the body

- on right side protected by ribs 7-11

29
Q

Hepatocyte functions

A
  • process bloodborne nutrients
  • store fat-soluble vitamins
  • perform detoxification
  • produce 900 ml bile per day: emulsify fats
30
Q

Portal triad

A
  • contains a branch of each of the following:
  • bile duct
  • hepatic artery
  • hepatic portal vein
31
Q

Lobes of the liver

A
  • four anatomic lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate
  • two large functional lobes: left and right (can be subdivided into 8 segments: each with its own blood supply and bile duct)
32
Q

Bile ducts

A
  • common hepatic duct leaves the liver
  • cystic duct connects gallbladder to common hepatic duct to form the bile duct
  • bile duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts (has a sphincter to control bile entry into duodenum)
33
Q

Ligaments of the liver

A
  • falciform ligament

- round ligament

34
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • thin-walled muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver
  • stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions
  • releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct
35
Q

Adrenal gland

A
  • above kidney, medially

- enclosed in kidney’s fascia

36
Q

Adrenal gland arterial supply

A
  • inferior phrenic a.–> superior suprarenal a.
  • abdominal aorta–> middle suprarenal a.
  • renal a.–> inferior suprarenal a.
37
Q

Two regions of adrenal gland

A
  • cortex (mesoderm origins)

- medulla (neural crest origins)

38
Q

Cortex layers

A
  1. zona glomerulosa: mineralcorticoids (aldosterone- Na+ retaining)
  2. zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol- inc. blood glucose)
  3. zona reticularis: sex hormones, or gonadocorticoids
39
Q

Medulla of adrenal gland

A

-chromaffin cells: postsynaptic sympathetic neurons (secrete catecholamines: epinephrine/norepinephrine)

40
Q

Liver lobules microscopic anatomy

A
  • hexagonal structure: results of pressure gradients (path alters)
  • filter and process nutrient-rich blood
  • composed of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells)
  • central vein in middle
41
Q

Portal triad microscopic anatomy

A
  • at each corner of lobule
  • bile duct receives bile from bile canaliculi
  • portal arteriole is a branch of the hepatic artery
  • hepatic venule is a branch of the hepatic portal vein
42
Q

Liver sinusoids

A
  • leaky capillaries between hepatic plates
  • allows liver to produce 1/4 to 1/2 of all thoracic duct lymph
  • kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages) in liver sinusoids

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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