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biomedical human anatomy > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin

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2
Q

Functions of Integumentary system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Body temperature regulation
  3. Cutaneous sensations
  4. Metabolic functions
  5. Blood reservoir
  6. Excretion
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3
Q

3 types of protection barriers of skin

A
  1. Chemical (low pH secretions and anti-bacterial activity)
  2. Physical/mechanical barriers
  3. Biological barriers (dendritic cells and macrophages)
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4
Q

Physical/mechanical barriers of skin

A
  • Keratin and glycolipids block most water and water-soluble substances
  • Limited penetration of skin by lipid-soluble substances, plant oleoresins (e.g. poison ivy, organic solvents, etc.0
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5
Q

Macrophages

A

Eat debris formed by dead cells

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6
Q

Body temperature regulation of skin

A
  • Insensible perspiration (can’t tell you’re sweating)
  • Sensible perspiration
  • Bloodflow restriction (cold weather= constrict bloodlfow to fingers and toes)
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7
Q

Cutaneous sensations of the skin

A

Temperature, touch, and pain

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8
Q

Metabolic functions of the skin

A

Synthesis of Vitamin D precursor and collagenase (break down collagen)

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9
Q

Blood reservoir of skin

A

Up to 5% of body’s blood volume

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10
Q

Excretion

A

Nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat (part of excretory system)

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11
Q

Two major regions of skin

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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12
Q

Epidermis

A
  • top layer

- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

Cells of epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans cell)
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
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14
Q

Keratinocytes

A

majority of epidermis, produce keratin

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15
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin, in stratum basale

-melanin picked up by keratinocytes

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16
Q

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans cells)

A

resident tissue phagocytizer to activate immune system

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17
Q

Tactile (Merkel) cells

A

at dermis-epidermis junction, touch receptor

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18
Q

2 types of skin

A
  1. Thick skin (on palms and bottom of feet, NO HAIR)

2. Thin skin (found everywhere, has hair)

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19
Q

Thin skin layers

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum granulosum
  3. Stratum spinosum
  4. Stratum basale
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20
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • most superficial layer
  • 20-30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin
  • glycolipids in extracellular space
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21
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • three to five layers of flattened cells
  • organelles deteriorating
  • cytoplasm filled of lamellated granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules
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22
Q

Stratum spinosum

A
  • keratinocytes unified by desmosomes (spines)

- bundles of intermediate filaments-> pre-keratin

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23
Q

Stratum basale

A
  • deepest epidermal layer
  • one row of actively mitotic stem cells
  • see occasional melanocytes and epidermal dendritic cells (makes all cells above it)
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24
Q

Thick skin layers

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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25
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • thin, transparent band superficial to stratum granulosum

- a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

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26
Q

Dermis

A
  • strong, flexible connective tissue

- cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells (release histamine) and white blood cells

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27
Q

Two layers of dermis

A
  1. Papillary (20%)

2. Reticular (80%)

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28
Q

Papillary layer of dermis

A
  • Areolar connective tissue
  • Dermal papillae (hills) contain:
    • Capillary loops
    • Meissner’s corpuscles
    • Free nerve endings
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29
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
  • elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
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30
Q

Langer/Cleavage Lines

A
  • collagen fibers arranged in bundles in dermis form cleavage (tension) lines (method to the madness)
  • incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more readily
31
Q

Stretch marks

A
  • L. striae gravidarum
  • skin stretches too fast for new cells to be made
  • collagen becomes damaged-> creates lines
32
Q

Skin ligaments

A
  • anchor dermis to underlying deep fascia (goes through subcutaneous tissue)
  • concentration and length varies by location
    • long, sparse on back of hand
    • short, stout, abundant on palm of hand
33
Q

Free nerve endings

A

pain (dermis)

34
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

light touch (papillary dermis)

35
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

pressure (dermis/hypodermis)

36
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

stretch (dermis)

37
Q

Merkel’s discs

A

touch (epidermis/dermis junction)

38
Q

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
39
Q

Melanin

A
  • yellow to reddish-brown to black, responsible for dark skin colors
  • produced in melanocytes
  • migrates to keratinocytes where it forms “pigment shields” for nuclei (protect from UV radiation)
40
Q

Carotene

A
  • yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles

- comes from diet, not produced by body

41
Q

Hemoglobin

A

responsible for pinkish hue of skin

42
Q

Jaundice

A
  • yellowing of skin

- build up of bilirubin in blood (byproduct of RBC breakdown)

43
Q

Erythema

A
  • red area

- engorged capillaries

44
Q

Cyanotic

A
  • blue area
  • inadequate blood supply
  • lack of appropriate gas exchange
45
Q

Derivatives of epidermis (appendages)

A
  1. Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
  2. Oil glands (sebaceous)
  3. Hair and hair follicles
  4. Nails
46
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A
  • abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

- duct gland (exocrine gland)

47
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A
  • common in axillary (armpit) and angogenital areas
  • open/dump into hair follicle
  • bacteria break down of sweat= smell
48
Q

Mammary gland

A

-modified sweat gland

49
Q

Oil glands

A
  • develop from hair follicles
  • become active at puberty
  • Sebum
    • oily secretion, bactericidal, softens hair and skin
50
Q

Hair

A
  • contains dead keratinized cells (shaft and root)

- contains hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin found in skin

51
Q

Functions of hair

A
  • altering the body to presence of insects on skin

- guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

52
Q

Hair follicle

A

Two-layered wall:

  • outer connective tissue root sheath (mesoderm)
  • inner epithelial root sheath (surface ectoderm)
53
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A
  • smooth muscle tissue root sheath

- responsible for “goose bumps”

54
Q

Fascia

A
  • underneath epidermis and dermis
  • separate, support and connect organs
  • enable movement of one structure relative to another
  • allow vessel and nerve passage
  • limit muscle expansion
  • limit spread of infection and malignancy
55
Q

Superficial fascia

A
  • hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue

- loose connective tissue

56
Q

Deep fascia

A
  • parallel dense regular connective tissue below hypodermis

- investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retincula

57
Q

Investing fascia

A

-between deeper structures

58
Q

Intermuscular junction

A
  • separate functional groups of muscles

- attach to bones

59
Q

Retinacula

A
  • thickening near joint to prevent tendon bowing

- prevents inappropriate movements of tendons at a joint

60
Q

Epidermis origin

A
  • surface ectoderm
  • around 7 weeks produce periderm, then the intermediate layer (full skin layers)
  • adult arrangement by end of 4th month
61
Q

Dermis origin

A
  • mesoderm/neural crest cells
  • lateral plate mesoderm= limbs/body
  • paraxial mesoderm= back
  • neural crest cells= face/neck
  • Corium forms dermal papillae 3rd/4th month
62
Q

Development of hair

A
  • epidermal layer penetrates the dermis as a hair bud
  • hair papillae= invagination of hair bud filled with mesoderm
  • epithelial and dermal regions contribute to the root sheath
  • 3rd month= 1st hair (lanugo)
63
Q

Lanugo coat

A

covering of delicate hairs in 5th and 6th month

64
Q

Vernix caseosa

A
  • sebaceous gland secretion

- protects skin of fetus

65
Q

Mammary line

A
  • bilateral, thickened epidermis
  • from axilla to inner thigh region
  • disappears except for pectoral region
    • epidermis invades mesenchyme
66
Q

Prenatal mammary glands

A
  • lactiferous ducts form

- epithelial pit

67
Q

At birth mammary glands

A

mesenchyme under epithelial pit proliferates and forms nipple

68
Q

At puberty mammary glands

A

breast development continues

69
Q

During lactation mammary glands

A

breast finishes maturation

70
Q

Burns

A
  • heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals
  • tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death
  • Immediate threat: dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
71
Q

1st degree burn

A
  • damage to epithelium only
  • redness (erythema)
  • pain
  • edema
  • desquamation
72
Q

2nd degree burns

A
  • damage to epithelium and superficial part of dermis
  • blisters
  • very painful (damaged nerves)
73
Q

3rd degree burns

A
  • damage extends through dermis
  • edema
  • no pain
  • open area will not heal on its own
  • must graft
74
Q

Rule of Nine for Burns

A

-total skin area important, not always severity
-estimate total volume of fluid loss
-Major/critical burn:
-10% of body covered in 3rd degree burns
-25% of body covered in 2nd degree burns
-any part of face/neck/hands/perineum has 3rd degree
burn (difficult areas of body to heal)

biomedical human anatomy (28 decks)

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