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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 8 > Flashcards

Quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart anatomy

A
  • approximately the size of a fist
  • 2 pumps in one
  • Enclosed in pericardium, a double-walled sac
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2
Q

Location of the heart

A
  • In the mediastinum between second (left side) and fifth (apex) intercostal spaces
  • On the superior surface of the diaphragm (above it)
  • Two-thirds to the left of the midsternal line
  • Left margin near midclavicular line
  • Anterior to vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
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3
Q

Apex of the heart

A

Point of the heart on the left side, between 5th and 6th ribs

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4
Q

Pericardium

A

2 layers:

  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
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5
Q

Fibrous pericrdium

A
  • Superficial
  • Protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling
  • attached to diaphragm and posterior side of sternum
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6
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • deep
  • two layers (continuous with one another
    1. Parietal pericardium (lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium)
    2. Visceral pericardium (called epicardium; lines the outer surface of the hearT)
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7
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • potential space between serous pericardium layers
  • friction-free environment-contains serous fluid
  • potential space: not supposed to have a lot of fluid it in
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8
Q

Pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • similar pain to heart attack- continuous central chest pain radiating to upper limb
  • viral or bacterial in nature
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9
Q

Pericardial effusion

A
  • fluid accumulation between visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
  • compresses ventricles (cardiac tamponade) leading to their failure
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10
Q

Layers of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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11
Q

Epicardium

A
  • visceral layer of the serous pericardium

- visceral pericardium

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12
Q

Myocardium

A
  • spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells (heart basically)
  • contracts
  • fibrous skeleton of the heart: crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
  • -anchors cardiac muscle fibers
  • -supports great vessels and valves
  • -limits spread of action potentials to specific conduction paths
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13
Q

Endocardium

A
  • continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels; contains capillaries
  • inside layer of heart
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14
Q

Chambers of the heart

A
  • four chambers
  • two atria (blood filling chambers)
  • two ventricles (blood pumps)
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15
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

-muscle bundles on the anterior wall of R. atria and auricle of L. atria

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16
Q

Interatrial septum

A
  • separates the atria internally

- Foss ovalis= depression where forman ovale once was in fetal life

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17
Q

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

A

-encircles the junction of the atria and ventricles

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18
Q

Auricles

A
  • protrude off of atria

- increase atrial volume

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19
Q

Right Atria

A

-Receives deoxygenated blood from: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

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20
Q

Left atria

A

-receives oxygenated blood from: R and L pulmonary veins (2 on each side= 4 total)

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21
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-separates ventricles internally

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22
Q

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

A

-mark the position of the interventricular septum externally

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23
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

-ridges of muscle

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24
Q

Papillary muscle

A
  • cone-like muscle bundles projecting into the ventricle

- valve “strings” (chordae tendineae) attach here

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25
Q

Right ventricle

A
  • receives deoxygenated blood from R. atria

- pumps deoxygenated blood out of the pulmonary trunk to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

Left ventricle

A
  • receives oxygenated blood from the L. atria
  • pumps oxygenated blood out of the aorta to the body
  • much larger myocardium than right ventricle so it can overcome resistance (has to pump blood to entire body)
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27
Q

Conduction system of heart

A

-autorhythmic cells (unstable resting potentials)

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28
Q

Conduction route

A
  1. Sinuatrial node (SA)
  2. Atrioventricular node (AV)
  3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
  4. Right and left bundle branches
  5. Purkinje fibers
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29
Q

Sinuatrial node

A
  • 70 bpm
  • anterolateral right atrium
  • signals to AV node
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic (Vagus n.) innervation
30
Q

Atrioventricular node

A
  • 50 bpm without SA
  • interatrial septum near coronary sinus opening
  • signal to AV bundle
31
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A
  • 30 bpm without AV node
  • connects atria to ventricles electrically
  • passes through fibrous skeleton of heart into interventricular septum to and right bundle branches
32
Q

Right and left bundle branches

A
  • 30 bpm without AV node
  • carry signal to apex of heart
  • divide into Purkinje fibers
33
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

30 bpm without AV node

34
Q

Fibrous skeleton of heart

A
  • dense, fibrous connective tissue
  • forms connected rings between atria and ventricles
  • help maintain valve opening
  • valve cusp attachment site
  • separates atrial and ventricular muscle
  • Electrically isolates impulses between atria and ventricles
  • AV bundle goes through fibrous skeleton
  • interventricular septum also part of fibrous skeleton
35
Q

Heart valvles

A
  • ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
  • cusp= “flap” of a valve
  • 2 types of valves
    1. atrioventricular (AV) valves
    2. Semilunar (SL) valves
36
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  • prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
  • Tricuspid valve (right)
  • Bicuspid (Mitral) valve (left)
  • Chordae tendineae anchor AV valve cusps to papillary muscles
37
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • between ventricles and large vessels
  • prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
  • 3 cusps each
  • aortic semilunar valve
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
38
Q

Heart origins

A
  • begins to develop in week 3
  • Germ layer origin: visceral/splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm (CT, muscle, epi)
  • Primary heart field forms in a horseshoe shape around the cranial end of embryo (Atria, L. ventricle, most R. ventricle)
  • Pericardium: formed by visceral lateral plate mesoderm; heart grows into pericardium
39
Q

Heart formation

A
  • paired tubes develop and fuse with lateral folding in week 3
  • endocardial tube (fuse in front of endoderm tube in thoracic region)
  • Myocardial tube (forms around fused endocardial tubes; forms myocardium)
  • pericardial cavity formed by lateral folding
40
Q

Heart development

A

-rapid growth of the brain pushes the primary heart field ventrally and inferiorly to the thoracic region

41
Q

Secondary heart field

A
  • develops days 20-21
  • Becomes: some R. ventricle and outflow vessels
  • behind pharyngeal arches
42
Q

Regions of heart tube

A
  1. Sinus venosus
  2. primitive atrium
  3. AV canal
  4. primitive ventricle
  5. bulbus cordis
  6. Truncus arteriosus
43
Q

Sinus venosus

A
  • forms veins that enter right atrium

- forms part of right atrium

44
Q

Primitive atrium

A

-forms right and left atria

45
Q

AV canal

A
  • between primitive atrium and ventricle

- forms atrioventricular valves

46
Q

Primitive ventricle

A

-forms the left ventricle

47
Q

Bulbus cordis

A
  • forms the right ventricle

- forms muscular outflow region

48
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A
  • forms the aorta and pulmonary arteries

- can be listed as a part of bulbus cordis

49
Q

Heart looping

A
  • begins in week 4 (beginnings of sidedness on days 16-18)
  • heart begins to beat in week 4
  • connections to placental vessels are formed to allow circulation
  • very early function compared to other systems
  • Looping: primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis move ventrally, caudally, and toward the right
50
Q

Septation

A
  • Large number of defects possible
  • Week 5-6
  • atrial and ventricular septum
  • endocardial cushions
51
Q

Atrial septum

A
  • two layers:
  • septum primum and septum secondum
  • form foramen ovale
  • fuse together in newborn
52
Q

Foramen ovale

A
  • blood does not need to go to fetal lungs (not breathing air)
  • skips pulmonary circuit
53
Q

Ventricular septum

A
  • membranous septum from endocardial cushions
  • muscular septum from point between primitive ventricle and bulbous cordis
  • septums join to separate R and L ventricles
54
Q

Endocardial cushions

A
  • In AV canal
  • future site of valves
  • help close atria off from ventricles
55
Q

Conotruncal septum

A
  • spiral septum in bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus

- form ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

56
Q

Neural crest cells (heart development)

A
  • migrate into pharyngeal arches
  • aortic arches grow into pharyngeal arches
  • NCCs are incorporated into aorta and pulmonary trunk
  • maybe a part of semilunar valves
57
Q

Pathway of blood through heart

A

Right atrium –>tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary semilunar valve –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> Lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> bicuspid (mitral) valve –> left ventricle –> aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –> systemic circulation –> vena cava –>right atrium (full circle!)

58
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • right side of heart

- vessels carry blood to and from lungs

59
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • left side of heart

- vessels carry blood to and from all body tissues

60
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
  • arteries branch off of ascending aorta
  • arterial supply varies considerably and contain many anastomoses (junctions) among branches
  • collateral routes provide additional routes for blood delivery
61
Q

Right coronary artery

A
  • in atriventricular groove/coronary sulcus
  • supples R. atrium and ventricle, SA and AV nodes, interatrial septum and part of L. atrium, interventricular septum/L. ventricle
  • Right marginal arter: supples lateral right side of heart with blood
  • Posterior interventricular artery (aka posterior descending artery): in posterior interventricular sulcus; supplies the posterior ventricular walls with blood
62
Q

Left coronary artery

A
  • in atrioventricular groove (aka left main stem artery
  • supplies most of L. atrium, L. ventricle and interventricular septum and atrioventricular bundle
  • Anterior interventricular artery (aka left anterior descending): in anterior interventricular sulcus; supplies anterior wall and interventricular septum with blood
  • Circumflex artery: supplies left atrium and posterior L. ventricle wall
63
Q

Veins in coronary circulation

A
  • coronary sinus
  • great cardiac vein (aka anterior interventricular vein)
  • middle cardiac vein (aka posterior interventricular vein)
  • small cardiac vein
  • posterior cardiac vein
64
Q

Coronary sinus

A
  • collects the blood from the four veins and empties into the right atrium
  • blood that has been used by the heart (deoxygenated blood)
65
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

-in anterior interventricular sulcus

66
Q

Middle cardiac vein

A

-in posterior interventricular sulcus

67
Q

Small cardiac vein

A

-follows right marginal artery

68
Q

Posterior cardiac vein

A

-on posterior of L. ventricle, to L. of middle cardiac vein

69
Q

angina pectoris

A

Thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium

70
Q

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A
  • prolonged coronary artery blockage

- areas of cell death are repaired with noncontractile scar tissue

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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