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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • twelve pairs of nerves associated with the brain and cranial exit
  • each nerve is identified by a number (I through XII) and a name
  • exit the skull through foramen and fissures
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2
Q

Cranial nerves fibers

A

Can be:

  • motor fibers only
  • sensory fibers only
  • mixed= both motor and sensory fibers
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3
Q

Cranial nerves origination

A
  • CNI and II: extensions of forebrain

- CNIII-XII: nuclei in the brainstem

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4
Q

Cranial nerve names

A 
CNI= olfactory
CNII= optic
CNIII= oculomotor
CNIV= trochlear
CNV= trigeminal
CNVI= abducens
CNVII= facial
CNVIII= vestibulocochlear (acoustic)
CNIX= glossopharyngeal
CNX= vagus
CNXI= accessory
CNXII= hypoglossal
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5
Q

Olfactory nerve location

A
  • olfactory nerves (~20) in olfactory epithelium in superior portion of nasal cavity
  • fibers synapse in the olfactory bulbs
  • olfactory bulbs continue as the olfactory tract
  • pathway terminates in the primary olfactory cortex
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6
Q

Olfactory nerve cranial exit

A

-pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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7
Q

Olfactory nerve function

A

-purely sensory (olfactory) function

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8
Q

Olfactory nerve clinical test

A

-smell aromatic substance

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9
Q

Olfactory nerve anosmia

A
  • loss of smell

- Common after large contusion to the skull (crushes the olfactory nerves in the cribriform plate)

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10
Q

Optic nerve location

A
  • arise from the retinas
  • become nerve after exiting the sclera of the eye
  • L/R converge and half of fibers cross over at the optic chiasma from either side
  • Optic tracts continue to the thalamus, where they synapse
  • Optic radiation from the thalamus run to the occipital lobe where the primary visual cortex is located
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11
Q

Optic nerve exit

A

-pass through the optic canal

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12
Q

Optic nerve function

A

-purely sensory (visual) function

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13
Q

Optic nerve clinical testing

A

-visual activity testing, first sight of object in visual field, optic disc and blood vessel examination

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14
Q

Optic nerve anopsia

A

-visual defect, position of defect in visual field helps in determination of site of injury in the visual system

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15
Q

Oculomotor nerve location

A

-fibers extend from the ventral midbrain just above the pons

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16
Q

Oculomotor nerve cranial exit

A

-superior orbital fissure

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17
Q

Oculomotor nerve functions

A
  • motor (somatic and visceral)
  • raising the eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris m.)
  • directing the eyeball (medial rectus m., Superior rectus m., Inferior rectus m., Inferior oblique m.)
  • constricting the iris (parasympathetic – ciliary ganglion; sphincter pupillae m.)
  • controlling lens shape (ciliary muscle)
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18
Q

Oculomotor nerve clinical tests

A

-pupil constriction test, compare pupils to one another for size and shape, tracking and object with eyes, convergence for near objects

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19
Q

Oculomotor nerve stabismus

A

-eyes are not aligned properly, results when CNIII signaling is inhibited, as well as dropping eyelid and double vision

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20
Q

Trochlear nerve location

A

-fibers from the dorsal midbrain

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21
Q

Trochlear nerve cranial exit

A

-enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures

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22
Q

Trochlear nerve function

A

-innervate the superior oblique muscle

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23
Q

Trochlear nerve clinical test

A

-pupil constriction test, compare pupils to one another for size and shape, tracking and object with eyes, convergence for near objects

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24
Q

Trochlear nerve functional loss

A

-cannot move eye inferolaterally

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25
Q

Trigeminal nerve location

A
  • largest cranial nerves

- fibers extend from pons to face

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26
Q

Trigeminal cranial exit

A
  • Ophthalmic (V1) passes through superior orbital fissure
  • Maxillary (V2) passes through the foramen rotundum
  • Mandibular (V3) passes through the foramen ovale
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27
Q

Trigeminal (V1) function

A
  • does not serve pharyngeal arch components

- Skin and mucous membrane sensation from front of head and nose, cornea and lacrimal gland

28
Q

Trigeminal (V2) function

A
  • innervates derivatives of the maxillary prominence of the 1st pharyngeal arch
  • Sensations from skin and mucous membranes and teeth of the upper jaw
29
Q

Trigeminal (V3) function

A
  • innervates derivatives of the mandibular prominence of the 1st pharyngeal arch
  • Sensations from skin and mucous membranes and teeth of the lower jaw, sensation on anterior tongue (not taste)
  • Motor innervation of muscles of mastication – masseter, temporalis, medial/lateral pterygoids
  • Innervation of tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini m., mylohyoid, anterior Digastric m.
30
Q

Trigeminal nerve clinical tests

A
  • (V1)= corneal reflex
  • (V2)= Pain touch temperature sensations from skin and mucous membranes of the upper jaw
  • (V3)= clench jaw, open jaw against resistance, move jaw side to side
31
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A
  • severe pain (maybe most severe pain known) from inflamed trigeminal nerve for less than 1 minute
  • Nerve may be impinged upon by nearby artery or vein
  • Surgery can alleviate for severe cases
32
Q

Abducens nerve location

A

-fibers from the inferior pons just superior to the medulla

33
Q

Abducens cranial exit

A

-enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures

34
Q

Abducens function

A

-innervating the lateral rectus muscle

35
Q

Abducens clinical test

A

-test movement of eye laterally

36
Q

Abducens internal strabismus

A

-movement of eyes medially (cross-eyed), occurs when CNVI is paralyzed

37
Q

Facial nerve location

A

-fibers from the pons just superior to the medulla

38
Q

Facial nerve cranial exit

A

-travel through the internal acoustic meatuses and emerge through the stylomastoid foramina to the lateral aspect of the face

39
Q

Facial nerve function

A

-innervates pharyngeal arch 2 structures
-Chief motor nerves of the face with 5 major branches
-Motor functions include: muscles of facial expression,
posterior digastric m., Stylohyoid,
stapedius m.,
parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and submand./subling. salivary glands
-Sensory function (taste) from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and palate

40
Q

Facial nerve clinical test

A

-taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue, facial symmetry, facial expression actions

41
Q

Facial nerve bell’s palsy

A

-facial muscle paralysis on effected side, some taste loss, lower eyelid and corner of mouth droops, tearing – can develop overnight commonly from Herpes simplex 1 infection (or other viral infections) causing inflammation of CNVII

42
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve location and cranial exit

A

-Afferent fibers from the hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equilibrium receptors (vestibular division) pass from the inner ear through the internal acoustic meatuses, and enter the brain stem at the pons-medulla border

43
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve function

A

-hearing (cochlea) and equilibrium (semicircular canals, utricle, saccule)

44
Q

Vestibulocochlear clinical testing

A

-tuning fork

45
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve deafness

A

-damage to CNVIII causes deafness

46
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve location

A

-from the medulla

47
Q

Glossopharyngeal cranial exit

A

-the jugular foramen and run to the throat

48
Q

Glossopharyngeal functions

A
  • Innervates 3rd pharyngeal arch derivatives
  • Motor functions: innervate part of the tongue and pharynx for swallowing, and provide parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary glands
  • Sensory functions: fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the pharynx and posterior 1/3 tongue, and impulses from carotid chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
49
Q

Glossopharyngeal clinical test

A

-uvula position, gag reflex, taster posterior 1/3 of the tongue, swallowing

50
Q

Glossopharyngeal impairment

A

-difficulty swallowing and decreases taste

51
Q

Vagus nerve location

A
  • the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck region
  • 8-10 rootlets from the medulla
52
Q

Vagus nerve cranial exit

A

-exit the skull via the jugular foramen

53
Q

Vagus nerve functions

A
  • Innervate muscles from pharyngeal arch 4/6 (soft palate, pharynx, larynx)
  • parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
  • Sensory fibers carry impulses from thoracic and abdominal viscera, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and taste buds of epiglottis and pharynx
54
Q

Vagus nerve clinical test

A

-uvula position, gag reflex, taste posterior 1/3 of tongue, swallowing

55
Q

Vagus nerve impairment

A
  • hoarse voice
  • poor GI motility
  • complete loss= death
56
Q

Accessory nerve location

A

-formed from ventral rootlets from the C1-C5 region of the spinal cord (not the brain)

57
Q

Accessory nerve cranial entry and exit

A
  • enter the cranium via each foramen magnum

- exit the skull via the jugular foramen

58
Q

Accessory nerve function

A

-innervate the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

59
Q

Accessory nerve clinical test

A

-rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance

60
Q

Acessory nerve impairment

A

-hard to shrug shoulder on side of injury and head faces side of injury

61
Q

Hypoglossal nerve location

A

-fibers from the medulla

62
Q

Hypoglossal cranial exit

A

-hypoglossal canal

63
Q

Hypoglossal function

A

-innervate extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and speech

64
Q

Hypoglossal clinical test

A

-protrude and retract tongue noting position

65
Q

Hypoglossal impairment

A

-difficulty swallowing and speaking, tongue deviates to side of injury and protrusion, both sides injured cannot protrude

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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