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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 9 > Flashcards

Quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory System

A
  • transport fluids throughout body
  • 2 parts:
    1. Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels)
    2. Lymphatic system
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2
Q

Three tunics of blood vessels

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica adventitia (externa)
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3
Q

Tunia intima

A

Inner single layer of endothelium (thin flat layer of squamous cells)

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4
Q

Tunia media

A
  • middle smooth muscle layer (circular)
  • most variable based on location
  • elastic fibers in medium and large arteries
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5
Q

Tunica adventitia (externa)

A

outer connective tissue layer

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6
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart under pressure
  • typically oxygenated blood (except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus)
  • 3 types:
    1. Large elastic artery
    2. Medium muscular artery
    3. Small artery/arteriole
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7
Q

Large elastic artery

A
  • Elastic fibers to allow distention when receiving blood from the heart
  • Aorta
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Common carotid artery
  • Subclavian artery
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Pulmonary arteries
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8
Q

Medium muscular artery

A
  • Thick smooth muscle layer to control blood flow to body regions
  • Majority of named arteries
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9
Q

Small artery/arteriole

A
  • Thick smooth muscle and small lumen
  • Control blood distribution to capillary beds
  • Small arteries= unnamed
  • Arteriole= microscopic
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10
Q

Capillaries

A
  • contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs
  • endothelium only
  • exchange with tissues (oxygen/CO2, nutrients/wastes)
  • multiple types based on location/function
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11
Q

Veins

A
  • carry blood toward heart
  • more abundant
  • larger lumens
  • thinner walls
  • lower pressure –> smaller tunica media
  • Vascular sheaths
  • typically carry deoxygenated blood (except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus)
  • 3 types:
    1. Large veins
    2. Medium veins
    3. Venules
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12
Q

Large veins

A
  • superior/inferior vena cava
  • portal vein
  • increased smooth muscle and tunica adventitia
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13
Q

Medium veins

A
  • accompany medium arteries

- have valves–> oppose the pull of gravity to move blood only toward the heart (musculovenous pump)

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14
Q

Venules

A
  • funnel blood from capillary bed into veins

- join together to form small veins

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15
Q

Vascular sheaths

A
  • veins around an artery

- countercurrent heat exchange

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16
Q

Portal venous system

A

-connects two capillary beds

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17
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

-artery–> GI capillaries–> hepatic portal vein–> liver capillaries–> vein to heart

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18
Q

Artherosclerosis

A
  • arterial disease
  • Cholesterol and fatty proteins deposit on artery wall (results in inflammation)
  • can have secondary calcification, fissuring, and emboli
  • Result= ischemia, heart attack, stroke, etc.
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19
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • collects the “left over” ECF not collected by the venous system
  • cytoplasm of dead cells, impermeable fluids, non-absorbed fluid
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20
Q

Lymphatic system components

A
  1. Lymphatic plexuses
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymph
  4. Lymph nodes
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. Lymphoid organs
  7. Lymphatic trunks
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21
Q

Lymphatic plexuses

A

-blind ended endothelium vessels (very permeable)

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22
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A
  • thin walls
  • valves
  • follow blood vessels
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23
Q

Lymph

A
  • tissue fluid that collects in lymphatics (similar to plasma)
  • picks up lipids/lipid-soluble vitamins in GI tracts (lacteal in villi in small intestines)
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24
Q

Lymph nodes

A

filter lymph on its way to the venous system

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25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

immune cells found in lymph nodes, organs, and circulation

26
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

produce lymphocytes (i.e. spleen, thymus, tonsils)

27
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

-empty into internal jugular and subclavian vein junction

28
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

drains right upper quadrant of body

29
Q

Thoracic duct

A
  • drains rest of body

- cisterna chyli

30
Q

Places void of lymphatics

A
  • brain (nervous tissue but not meninges)
  • bone marrow
  • avascular tissue (cartilage)
31
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • small, encapsulated structures (look like watermelon seeds)
  • contain lymphocytes and macrophages
  • interrupt lymph vessels
  • filter lymph
  • Cluster in parts of the body (pericranial, cervical, axillary, tracheal, inguinal, femoral)
  • lymph nodes swell when there is infection
32
Q

Blood

A

a fluid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)

33
Q

Plasma

A
  • ~55% on hematocrit
  • liquid portion of blood
  • water+ proteins+ ions+ gases+ nutrients
34
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • RBCs; ~45% on hematocrit
  • anucleate when mature
  • filled with hemoglobin to carry out gas exchange
35
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells; ~1% on hematocrit

- 5 types with specializations in the immune system

36
Q

Platelets

A

pieces of a special cell that help in blood clotting

37
Q

Three shunts that close in a newbord

A
  1. ductus arteriosus–> ligamentum arteriosum
  2. foramen ovale–> fossa ovale
  3. ductus venosus–> ligamentum venosum
38
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A
  • connects to descending aorta

- bypass the lungs

39
Q

Ductus venosus

A

-bypass the liver

40
Q

Umbilical structures

A
  • umbilical vein–> ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament of liver)
  • umbilical arteries–> internal iliac artery, superior vesical artery, and medial umbilical ligament
41
Q

Vessel formation

A
  • begin to form in week 3 (maternal connection with placenta established by week 4)
  • mesoderm coalesces to form vessels (both EE and embryonic meso.)
  • cavities form in coalesced meso.–> lined by angioblasts, which become the endothelium
  • endothelial cavities fuse to form vessels= vasculogenesis (forms dorsal aorta and cardinal veins)
42
Q

Angiogenesis

A
  • endothelial budding from established vessels (dorsal aorta and anterior cardinal vein) to reach other organs structures- all other vessels
  • organs use angiogenic factors to “attract” the endothelium
43
Q

3 sets of vessels form initially

A
  • arteries: aortic arches and dorsal aorta, vitelline artery, and umbilical artery
  • veins: cardinal veins (ant./post.), vitelline veins, and umbilical vein
44
Q

Blood formation

A
  • thought to begin in splanchnic EE mesoderm around yolk sac
  • cells in endothelial cavities differentiate into blood cells
  • blood cells migrate into the embryo and “seed” organs with blood cells (liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
45
Q

Naming arteries: aorta

A
  • from which all arteries are derived either directly or indirectly
  • Parts:
    1. Ascending aorta (R and L coronary arteries)
    2. Aortic arch
    3. Descending aorta (thoracic and abdominal)
46
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • right subclavian artery

- right common carotid artery

47
Q

Left Common carotid artery

A
  • internal carotid artery

- external carotid artery

48
Q

Left subclavian artery

A
  • vertebral artery
  • thyrocervical trunk
  • costocervical trunk
  • axillary artery
  • R subclavian and carotid also have the same branches as above
49
Q

Vasculature of upper limb

A
  • subclavian artery
  • axillary artery (after clavicle in axillary region- armpit)
  • brachial artery (distal to teres minor muscle): radial artery (deep palmar arch) and ulnar artery (superficial palmar arch)
50
Q

Abdominal aorta branches

A
  • Major branches (superior to inferior):
    1. Celiac trunk: splenic artery, left gastric artery, common hepatic artery
    2. Superior mesenteric artery
    3. Renal artery
    4. Gonadal artery
    5. Inferior mesenteric artery
    6. Common iliac artery (external and internal iliac artery)
51
Q

Branches of celiac trunk

A
  1. left gastric artery
  2. hepatic artery proper
  3. right gastric artery
  4. common hepatic artery
  5. splenic artery
52
Q

Arteries of lower limb

A
  • external iliac artery
  • Femoral artery (v-shaped; after inguinal ligament)
  • Popliteal artery (after adductor hiatus): anterior tibial artery (becomes dorsalis pedis artery at ankle) and posterior tibial artery (medial and lateral plantar arteries)
53
Q

External iliac artery branches

A
  1. external iliac artery
  2. common iliac artery
  3. profunda femoris artery
  4. femoral artery
  5. adductor hiatus
54
Q

Knee and leg arteries

A
  1. politeal
  2. anterior tibial
  3. posterior tibial
  4. fibular
  5. medial plantar
  6. lateral plantar
55
Q

Deep veins

A
  • similar names as arteries they travel alongside (some exceptions)
  • may be multiple following artery in vascular sheath (allows for countercurrent heat exchange)
56
Q

Unpaired veins

A
  1. external jugular vein
  2. internal jugular vein
  3. right brachiocephalic vein
  4. left brachiocephalic vein
57
Q

Superficial unpaired veins of upper limb

A
  1. cephalic vein in delto-pectoral groove
  2. median cubital vein
  3. cephalic vein
  4. basilic vein
58
Q

Superficial veins of lower limb

A
  1. Great saphenous vein

2. small saphenous vein

59
Q

Communication of deep and superficial veins

A

-perforating vessels allow blood to be shunted into superficial veins and then routed back into deep vein circulation

60
Q

Hepatic portal system and inferior vena cava

A
  • lead to unpaired veins
  • inferior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein
  • splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein
61
Q

Approximated locations of abdominal arteries

A
  1. Lower border of L1–> superior mesenteric artery
  2. L2–> approximate origin of renal artery
  3. L3–> inferior mesenteric artery
  4. L4–> bifurcation of aorta

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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