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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

Histology

1
Q

Three basic parts of human cells

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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2
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol

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3
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Made of actin

- Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis

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4
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • Keratins, vimentin, desmin

- Resist pulling forces/mechanical strength for the cell and attach desmosomes

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5
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Made of tubulin

- Determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles

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6
Q

Cell cycle

A

Defines changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces

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7
Q

Interphase

A
  • Period from cell formation to cell division
  • Nuclear material= chromatin
  • Subphases: G0, G1, S, and G2
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8
Q

G0 Phase

A

Gap phase in cells that permanently cease dividing

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9
Q

G1 Phase

A

Vigorous growth and metabolism

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10
Q

S (synthetic) phase

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

G2 Phase

A

Preparation for division

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12
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Two distinct events:

  • Mitosis (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
  • Cytokinesis
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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow

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14
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells similar in structure and function

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15
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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16
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A
  • Covering and lining epithelia (external and internal)

- Glandular epithelia (secretory tissue in glands)

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17
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

1) Cells have polarity
2) Closely packed cells
3) Supported by reticular lamina
4) Avascular (rely on diffusion for O2)
5) Innervated
6) High rate of regeneration (can cause cancer)

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18
Q

Apical (epithelial)

A
  • Upper membrane

- Can have microvilli (intestinal lining) or cilia (trachea)

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19
Q

Basal (epithelial)

A

Lower membrane; attached to surfaces

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20
Q

Basal lamina

A
  • Made by epithelium

- Noncellular, glycoprotein, collagen

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21
Q

Basement membrane

A

Reticular lamina and basal lamina together

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22
Q

1 layer of epithelial cells

A

Simple epithelium

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23
Q

Multiple layers of epithelial cells

A

Stratified epithelium

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24
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat cells; flat nuclei

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25
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Cube shape; round nuclei

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26
Q

Columnar cells

A

Column shape; typically oblong nuclei near basal side

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27
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Makes and secretes an aqueous fluid, can be lipid or steroid rich in nature

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28
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • Ductless glands (secrete into blood)
  • Secrete hormones
  • E.g. ovaries, testes, pituitary
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29
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Needs a duct

- E.g. mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

30
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular glands cells

31
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

1) Mesenchyme as common tissue of origin
2) Varying degrees of vascularity
3) Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix (ground substance and fibers)
4) most abundant and widely distributed tissue type

32
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • Embryonic connective tissue
  • Gives rise to all other connective tissue
  • Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
  • Mostly from mesoderm, little from ectoderm (NCC)
33
Q

Major components of connective tissue

A
  • Ground substance
  • Fibers
  • Cells
34
Q

Ground substance

A

Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells; bulk of connective tissue

35
Q

Ground substance components

A
  • Interstitial fluids
  • Adhesion proteins (Fibronectin + Laminin)
  • Proteoglycans
36
Q

Three types of fibers

A

1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular

37
Q

Collagen

A
  • strongest and most abundant fiber (16 types)

- provides high tensile strength

38
Q

Elastic

A

-networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch

39
Q

Reticular

A
  • short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

- bend a lot; act as support fibers in immune cells

40
Q

Two cell types

A

-blasts and -cytes

41
Q

-blasts

A

mitotically active and secretory cells; secrete extracellular matrix

42
Q

-cytes

A

mature cells; do not divide

43
Q

Fibroblasts

A

found in connective tissue proper; produces collagen and other fibers

44
Q

Chondroblasts/-cytes

A

found in cartilage

45
Q

Osteoblasts/-cytes

A

found in bone (bone cell)

46
Q

Adipocyte

A

mature fat cell

47
Q

Four classes of connective tissue

A

1) Connective tissue proper (loose or dense)
2) Cartilage (avascular)
3) Bone tissue
4) Blood (RBCs, fibrin, plasma)

48
Q

Major functions of connective tissue

A

1) Binding and support
2) Protection
3) Insulation
4) Transportation (blood)

49
Q

Early prophase

A
  • early mitotic spindle

- chromosomes condense (2 sister chromatids + centromere)

50
Q

Late prophase

A
  • nuclear envelope is degraded

- microtubules attach to kinetochore on chromosomes

51
Q

Metaphase

A

metaphase plate

52
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids break apart and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

53
Q

Telophase

A

-nuclear envelope and nucleolus reforms

54
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • microfilament contractile rings forms at cleavage furrow

- cell divides into 2 new daughter cells

55
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A
  • diffusion, filtration across cell
  • thin
  • found in lungs kidney
56
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • secretion and diffusion

- found in kidney (ducts and tubules)

57
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A
  • found in ileum (part of small intestine)
  • found on GI tract
  • villi are lined with epithelium
58
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A
  • fake stratified= every cell connected to basement membrane (only one layer)
  • found in trachea
59
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • always name shape based on apical layer of cels shape
  • outer layer of cells are dead (too far from vasculature)
  • used for protection (found in vagina and skin)
60
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • stratified
  • placed in urinary bladder and ureter
  • need to be able to expand
61
Q

Areolar loose connective tissue

A

Elastic and collagen fibers, fibroblasts

-Found in skin (connect skin to muscle)

62
Q

Adipose loose connective tissue

A
  • fat cells
  • usually circular in shape
  • found in many places (hypodermis of skin)
63
Q

Reticular loose connective tissue

A
  • reticular collagen fibers

- typically found around lymphocytes

64
Q

Regular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibers aligned in same direction

- tendons and ligaments

65
Q

Regular elastic dense connective tissue

A
  • elastic fibers added to collagen fibers

- large vessels of hear

66
Q

Irregular dense connective tissue

A
  • collagen fibers are not lined up in same direction (all over the place)
  • dermis of the skin
67
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

68
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • mostly ground substance
  • lacunae (chondrocytes inside)
  • nose, ribcage, end of bones (articulate between two bones)
69
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • ears (cartilage that needs more stretch)
  • epiglotis (covers trachea)
  • lacunae with chondrocytes
70
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus
  • good at withstanding pressure
  • collagen fibers lined up in lines
71
Q

Bone (osseus)

A
  • lamella (layers of bone)
  • osstea (cylinders of bone)
  • central canal (veins, nerves, etc. in middle of bone)
72
Q

Blood

A
  • lymphocytes and RBCs

- biconcave shape

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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