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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Clinical Applications > Flashcards

Clinical Applications Flashcards

1
Q

Pterion

A
  • joint of frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bone of lateral side of skull
  • bone is thinnest here on skull
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2
Q

Pterion fracture

A
  • blunt trauma to the pterion can burst the middle meningeal vessels, causing a hematoma
  • death in a few hours if untreated
  • the middle meningeal a./v. pass right behind the pterion
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3
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • pressure in anterior and posterior chamber of the eye due to lack of aqueous humor drainage
  • increased anterior segment pressure pushes on retina and its arteries and can lead to blindness
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4
Q

Aqueous humor production

A
  • produced by the ciliary body

- flows out the pupil into the anterior chamber

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5
Q

Aqueous humor drainage

A
  • through the trabecular mesh and into the Canal of Schlemm

- reabsorbed by the anterior side of the ciliary body into the ciliary muscle

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6
Q

Open-angle blockage

A

-the trabecular mesh of the scleral venous sinus blocks aqueous humor from draining

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7
Q

Closed-angle blockage

A

-the iris blocks the entry of aqueous humor from the trabecular mesh and ciliary body

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8
Q

Treatments for open angle glaucoma

A
  1. Medicinal
  2. Laster treatment
  3. Microsurgery (done along with cataract surgery)
  4. Surgical (last resort, not always effective)
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9
Q

Cholinergic agonist for glaucoma

A

-causing pupil constriction and lens accommodation (contract ciliary body), thus opening the angle for drainage

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10
Q

Prostaglandins for glaucoma

A

-mechanism not entirely understand: may have to do with dissolving connective tissue to reduce outflow resistance

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11
Q

Beta-blockers for glaucoma

A

-decrease aqueous humor production

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12
Q

Alpha-agonists for glaucoma

A

-increase outflow and decrease aqueous humor production

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13
Q

Treatments for closed angle glaucoma

A
  1. Laser treatments (short lived)

2. Clear lens extraction

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14
Q

Carotid artery stenosis

A
  • atherosclerotic plaques can block blood flow in the internal carotid artery
  • diagnosed with doppler color flow study
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15
Q

Transient ischemic attack

A
  • sudden neurological function loss (dizzy/disoriented)

- <24hrs

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16
Q

Minor stroke

A
  • sudden loss of neurologic function (sensory loss or weakness on one side)
  • over 24hr but <3 weeks
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17
Q

Medicinal treatment for carotid artery stenosis

A
  • anti-platelet
  • lipid reducing
  • blood pressure control
18
Q

Carotid stenting for carotid artery stenosis

A

-implement stent vis femoral artery

19
Q

Carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis

A
  • surgical procedure: open ICA and remove plaques
  • could release plaque and can contribute to stroke in the brain
  • a lot of cranial nerves in this area (CN IX, X, XI, XII)
20
Q

Causes of axillary nerve damage

A
  • improper use of crutches
  • humeral break
  • glenohumeral dislocation
  • intramuscular vaccination
21
Q

Consequences of axillary nerve damage

A
  • atrophy of the deltoid m.

- loss of sensation on lateral shoulder: superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm, a branch of the axillary nerve

22
Q

Quadrangular space

A

-axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery traverse this space

23
Q

Quadrangular space borders

A
  • inferior border of teres minor m.
  • superior border of teres major m.
  • long head of the triceps brachii m.
  • surgical neck of the humerus
24
Q

Weakest areas of the pelvic girdle

A
  • pubic rami
  • acetabula
  • sacroiliac joints
  • alae of ilium
25
Q

Straddle injury

A
  • from anteroposterior compression

- fracture all four pubic rami

26
Q

Problems with pelvic fractures

A
  • damage to underlying soft tissues, blood vessels, bladder, nerves
  • weak acetabulum allows head of femur to enter pelvic cavity with a fall from a high place
27
Q

Vasectomy

A
  • ligation or excision of a portion of the vas deferens
  • day surgery
  • very effective because sperm cannot leave epididymis
  • incisions through upper scrotum
  • can sometimes re-ligate ends of vas deferens
28
Q

Prostate exam

A
  • digital rectal exam used to check for enlarged prostate
  • prostate enlargement very common in middle aged men
  • main symptom of enlargement is trouble urinating
29
Q

Patency of fallopian tubes

A

-obstruction can limit ability to conceive

30
Q

Hysterosalpingography

A

-injection of radioopaque material through the cervix to view the shape of the uterine cavity and patency of the fallopian tubes

31
Q

Tubal ligation

A
  • surgical procedure

- 2 common methods: open abdominal and laparoscopic

32
Q

Open abdominal tubal ligation

A

-through pfennensteil incision fallopian tube is cut and each end is closed by suture

33
Q

Laparoscopic tubal ligation

A

-fallopian tubes can be cauterized or clipped

34
Q

Bicornate uterus

A
  • forms when mullerian ducts fuse improperly and uterus formation is incorrect
  • difficult with pregnancy
  • not very common
35
Q

Episiotomies

A
  • cutting of the perineum and inferoposterior vaginal wall during labor to increase the vaginal orifice
  • believed to decrease perforation
  • median episiotomy cuts partially through the perineal body
  • mediolateral episiotomy cuts diagonally toward the side away from the perineal body
36
Q

General anesthesia for childbirth

A
  • usually for emergency procedures

- not common because the mother wants to be conscious during birth

37
Q

Spinal block

A
  • anesthetic in subarachnoid space
  • needle introduce at L3-L4 (below the spinal cord)
  • numbness (motor and sensory) below that point
38
Q

Caudal epidural block

A
  • catheter in sacral canal

- S2-4 roots: numbs cervix and superior vagina

39
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

-local anesthetic to S2-4 dermatomes: perineum and inferior vagina

40
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve block

A

-local anesthetic for the anterior perineum

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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