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biomedical human anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Common carotid artery main branches

A
  1. Internal carotid a.
  2. External carotid a.
  3. Carotid sinus
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2
Q

Internal carotid artery

A
  • deep, supplies brain

- enters skull thru carotid canal

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3
Q

External carotid artery

A

-superficial, supplies face and scalp

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4
Q

Carotid sinus

A
  • at bifurcation of internal and external carotid a.

- vessel enlargement containing baroreceptors

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5
Q

Subclavian artery main branches

A
  1. Vertebral a.
  2. Internal thoracic a.
  3. Thyrocervical trunk
  4. Costocervical trunk
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6
Q

Vertebral artery

A
  • enters through transverse processes to foramen magnum to the skull
  • supplies the brain
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7
Q

Thyrocervical trunk branches

A
  • inferior thyroid a. (below thyroid cartilage)
  • ascending cervical a.
  • transverse cervical a.
  • suprascapular a.
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8
Q

3 parts of subclavian artery in relation to the anterior scalene m.

A
  1. Medial
  2. Posterior
  3. Lateral
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9
Q

Lateral subclavian artery importance

A
  • located on top of first rib

- push down on first rib, you can block blood flow through subclavian (like a tourniquet)

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10
Q

Costocervical trunk branches

A
  1. Deep cervical a.

2. Supreme intercostal a.

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11
Q

External carotid artery branches (inferior to superior)

A
  1. Superior thyroid a.
  2. Ascending pharyngeal a.
  3. Lingual a.
  4. Facial a.
  5. Occipital a.
  6. Posterior auricular a.
  7. Maxillary a.
  8. Superficial temporal a.
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12
Q

Internal carotid artery branches

A
  1. Ophthalmic a.
  2. Anterior cerebral a.
  3. Middle cerebral a.
  4. Posterior communicating a.
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13
Q

Arterial supply to the meninges

A
  1. Anterior meningeal a.
  2. Middle meningeal a.
  3. Accessory meningeal a.
  4. Posterior meningeal a.
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14
Q

Anterior meningeal artery

A
  • anterior cranial fossa

- from ophthalmic a. (branch of internal carotid a.)

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15
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • branch off maxillary a. (from external carotid a.)
  • enters through foramen spinosum
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16
Q

Accessory meningeal artery

A
  • middle cranial fossa
  • from maxillary a. (branch of external carotid a.)
  • enters through foramen ovale
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17
Q

Posterior meningeal artery

A
  • posterior cranial fossa

- from external carotid a. and vertebral a.

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18
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  1. Vertebral artery
  2. Basilar artery
  3. Posterior cerebral artery
  4. Posterior communicating artery
  5. Internal carotid artery
  6. Middle cerebral artery
  7. Anterior cerebral artery
  8. Anterior communicating artery (branch of anterior cerebral a.)
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19
Q

Cerebral arterial blood distribution

A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery
  2. Middle cerebral artery
  3. Posterior cerebral artery
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20
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

-most of medial and superior surface of the brain and the frontal pole

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21
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A

-lateral surface of the brain and the temporal pole

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22
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A

-inferior surface of the brain and the occipital pole

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23
Q

Venous drainage of the head and neck

A
  • most named according to matching artery
  • veins in brain drain into dural sinuses
  • Exceptions: internal jugular v. (from the brain, where dural sinuses drain to, drains to subclavian v.) and external jugular v. (from the face and scalp, drains to the subclavian v.)
24
Q

Subclavian vein

A

-anterior to the anterior scalene m.

25
Q

Venous drainage of the skull/brain

A
  • veins join the dural sinuses–> empty into IJV
  • great cerebral vein + inferior sagittal sinus= straight sinus
  • straight sinus + superior sagittal sinus= confluence of sinuses
  • ophthalmic veins + sphenoparietal sinus–> cavernous sinus–> sup./inf. petrosal sinuses
  • transverse sinus–> sigmoid sinus+ superior and inferior petrosal–> IJV
  • cavernous sinus surrounds sella turcica
26
Q

Arterial supply to the face

A
  • mostly external carotid: facial a. (majority), maxilary a., mental a. (from inferior alveolar a.), superficial temporal a., transverse facial a. (passes through parotid gland)
  • Internal carotid a.: ophthalmic a. (provides small a. near eye from orbit)
27
Q

Venous drainage of the face

A
  • mostly by the facial v.

- does have connections to intracranial venous draining (important for infection bc can spread to skull)

28
Q

Anterior triangle of the neck

A
  • structures from thorax to head

- under chin and bordered by sternocleidomastoid m.

29
Q

Posterior triangle of the neck

A
  • structures going to/from the upper limb

- bordered by sternocleidomastoid and trapezius m. and clavicle

30
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • C1-4 or 5
  • mostly cutaneous nerves
  • motor supply to infrahyoid muscles
  • found within posterior triangle
31
Q

Branches of cervical plexus

A
  1. lesser occipital n.
  2. great auricular n.
  3. transverse cervical n.
  4. Ansa cervicalis
    - motor innervation to infrahyoid muscles and geniohyoid m.
  5. Supraclavicular n.
  6. Phrenic n. (C3-5) (innervates diaphragm)
32
Q

Sympathetic trunk diminishes in neck

A
  1. Superior cervical ganglion
  2. Middle cervical ganglion
  3. Inferior cervical ganglion
33
Q

Lymphatic drainage of head and neck

A
  • No lymph nodes in scalp/face or brain, excepting those found in the dura mater
  • lymph drains inferiorly to main lymph node groupings at the jaw line and through the neck
  • lymph nodes follow the internal and external jugular v.
34
Q

Oral cavity proper borders

A
  1. Lateral: teeth
  2. Anterior: teeth
  3. Posterior: oropharynx
  4. Superior: hard and soft palate
  5. Inferior: tongue
35
Q

Oral vestibule

A

-the space between your teeth and your cheeks and lips

36
Q

Structures of the mouth

A
  1. Gingivae (gums)
  2. Palatine raphe (midline of palate)
  3. Hard palate
  4. Soft palate
  5. Uvula
  6. Palatine tonsil
  7. Sublingual fold with openings of sublingual ducts
  8. Vestibule
  9. Superior labial frenulum (connection of upper lip to gums)
  10. Palatoglossal arch (anterior)
  11. Palatopharyngeal arch (posterior)
  12. Posterior wall of oropharynx
  13. Lingual frenulum (connects tongue to floor of mouth)
  14. Sublingual caruncle (site of salivary glands)
  15. Inferior labial frenulum (connects lower lip to gums)
37
Q

Teeth

A

-adult=32; child=20

38
Q

Teeth type

A
  1. Incisor (thin cutting edge)
  2. Canine (single cone; grasp)
  3. Premolar (2 cusps; grinds)
  4. Molar (3 cusps; grinds)
39
Q

Structural regions of teeth

A
  1. Crown: visible above gingivae, covered in enamel
  2. Neck
  3. Root: portion fixed in tooth socket, covered in cement (part of periodontium)
40
Q

Other tooth structures

A
  1. Dentine: under enamel and lines pulp cavity
  2. Pulp cavity: connective tissue, vessels, nerves in teeth
  3. Root canal: passage in root for nerves to enter pulp cavity
41
Q

Tooth joint

A
  • gomphosis (special fibrous joint; peg and socket joint)

- periodontium connects cement on root to periosteum of alveolar bone in the tooth socket

42
Q

Number of teeth in adult quadrant

A 
2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars
-assume wisdom teeth
43
Q

Number of teeth in child quadrant

A

2 incisors
1 canine
2 molars

44
Q

Vasculature of teeth

A

-all arterial supply from the maxillary a.–> ant./post. superior alveolar a. and inferior alveolar a.

45
Q

Innervation of teeth

A

-V2 (maxillary) and V3 (mandibular) of CNV (trigeminal nerve)

46
Q

V2 (maxillary) branches

A
  1. superior alveolar nerve
    - anterior
    - middle
    - posterior
47
Q

V3 (mandibular) branches

A
  1. Inferior alveolar n.
    - dental (molars)
    - incisive (incisors)
48
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • hypophysis
  • anterior lobe (adenohypophysis): pink, many cells
  • posterior lobe (neurohypophysis): light, neural tissue
49
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • responsible for light/dark cycles (circadian rhythm)
  • secretes melatonin
  • dark staining pigments are pineal sand (or brain sand)
50
Q

Salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
51
Q

Parotid gland (Stensen’s duct)

A
  • largest paired salivary glands (watery, mostly serous (serous acini) salivary amylase)
  • more fat histologically than other salivary glands
  • located in front of the ear, below the zygomatic arch
  • covers part of masseter and sternocleidomastoid
  • parotid duct enters the oral cavity at the 2nd upper molar via Stensen’s duct through the buccinator m.
  • Benign tumors common
  • Important relationships with other structures: facial n., retromandibular v. (from maxillary v.), external carotid artery (posterior auricular a.)
52
Q

Submandibular glands

A
  • paired, medium sized salivary gland
  • hooked shape
  • Wharton’s duct empties into sublingual caruncle
53
Q

Sublingual glands

A
  • small, paired salivary glands
  • numerous small ducts empty onto the lingual ridge and Wharton’s duct
  • mostly mucous glands (mucous acini)
54
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • endocrine gland on anterior neck, below and lateral to thyroid cartilage
  • 2 lobes connected by an isthmus
  • deep to sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid m.
  • colloid in follicles: requires iodine to create thyroid hormones
  • parafollicular cell: not part of follicle
55
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • 4 to 8 tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
  • PTH: most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
  • functions: stimulated osteoclasts to digest bone matrix, enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate by the kidneys, promotes activation of Vitamin D (by the kidneys): increases absorption of Ca2+ by intestinal mucosa

biomedical human anatomy (28 decks)

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