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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent

A

Movement of signals toward the CNS

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2
Q

Efferent

A

Movement of signals away from CNS

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3
Q

Central nervous System (CNS

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Integrative and control centers
  • Developed from neural tube
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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, visceral nerves and plexuses, enteric nervous system (of the GI
  • Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
  • Develop from neural crest cells
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5
Q

Paired Cranial and Spinal Nerves

A
  • 12 paired cranial nerves
  • 8 paired cervical nerves
  • 12 paired thoracic nerves
  • 5 paired lumbar nerves
  • 5 paired saccral nerves
  • 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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6
Q

Meninges

A
  • membrane that covers and protects CNS
  • protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
  • contain CSF
  • form partitions in the skull
  • form sinuses for return of CSF to venous system
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7
Q

Dura mater

A
  • Most external meningeal layer of brain
  • Form partitions and venous structures
  • Continues as epineurium on spinal nerve (no CSF leak)
  • Originates from mesoderm
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8
Q

Endosteal/periosteal

A

Outer layer of dura mater of brain

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9
Q

Meningeal

A
  • Inner layer of dura mater of brain

- Also covers spinal cord

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10
Q

Extradural space

A

Upper potential space in dura

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11
Q

Subdural space

A

Lower potential space in dura

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12
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • Middle meningeal layer of brain (looks like spider web)
  • Avascular; is not attached to dura
  • Projections through subarachnoid space (CSF and vessels here) toward pia mater become continuous with pia mater
  • Only found over surface of brain and in longitudinal fissure
  • Originates from neural crest (cranially) and mesoderm (caudally)
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13
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Attached to CNS tissue; very delicate
  • Most internal meningeal later of brain
  • Denticulate ligament in spinal cord
  • Originates from neural crest (cranially) and mesoderm (caudally)
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14
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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15
Q

Sinus

A

Open space; brings CSF back into circulation

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16
Q

Denticulate ligament

A

Comes off pia mater and attaches to dura to hold spine in place

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17
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Divides cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Divide cerebellar hemispheres

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19
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separate cerebrum and cerebellum

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20
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A
  • Covers the sella turcica, infundibulum passes through it

- Over the pituitary gland

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21
Q

Dural sinuses

A

Openings in two layers of dura mater within partitions

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22
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A

Runs along hemisphere midline of brain; above inferior sagittal sinus

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23
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Allow CSF to enter dural sinuses and ultimately venous circulation via the internal jugular vein

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24
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

Connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus. It is found deep to the occipital protuberance of the skull.

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25
Q

Straight sinus

A

The straight sinus receives blood from the superior cerebellar veins and inferior sagittal sinus and drains into the confluence of sinuses.

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26
Q

Transverse sinus

A

Allow blood to drain from the back of the head. They run laterally in a groove along the interior surface of the occipital bone

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27
Q

Great cerebral vein

A

One of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum of the brain

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28
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A

The sigmoid sinus is a dural venous sinus situated within the dura mater. The sigmoid sinus receives blood from the transverse sinuses

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29
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A

An area beneath the brain which allows blood to drain outwards posteriorly from the center of the head. It drains (from the center of the brain) to the straight sinus (at the back of the head), which connects to the transverse sinuses. Meets with great cerebral vain to form straight sinus.

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30
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

A true dural venous sinus (not a venous plexus) creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.

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31
Q

Neural tube

A
  • CNS
  • Brain, spinal cord
  • Cells: neurons and glia
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32
Q

Neural crest cells

A
  • PNS
  • Nerves, ganglia, some glia cells
  • Andrenal gland medulla
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33
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the neural tube from the neural plate

1) Neural plate (day 19)
2) neural folds
3) Fusion of neural folds at cervical region
4) neural tube is formed-> cranial and caudal neuropores open (day 23)
5) Neuropores close and NCC begin migration (day 25)
6) Neural tube flexures develop (day 28)

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34
Q

Fusion of neural folds begins in ____ then moves _____ and _____.

A

cervical region; cranially and caudally

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35
Q

Anterior and posterior neuropores

A

Communicate/connect to amniotic cavity

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36
Q

Primary brain vesicle

A

Forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain, hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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37
Q

Telencephalon

A
  • Secondary brain vesicle of forebrain
  • Generates cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
  • Lateral ventricles
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38
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Secondary brain vesicle of forebrain
  • Generates diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina
  • Third ventricle
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39
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  • Secondary brain vesicle of midbrain
  • Brain stem: midbrain
  • Cerebral ventricle
40
Q

Metencephalon

A
  • Secondary brain vesicle of hindbrain
  • Brain stem: pons; cerebellum
  • Fourth ventricle
41
Q

Mylencephalon

A
  • Secondary brain vesicle of hindbrain
  • Brain stem: medulla oblongata
  • Fourth ventricle
42
Q

Retinoic acid

A
  • Vitamin A

- Induces development of the five regions of the neural tube

43
Q

Ventricles

A

House CSF

44
Q

Neuroepithelial cells

A
  • Line inside of neural tube
  • stem cells from neuro/gliablasts
  • become ependymal cells when finished dividing
45
Q

Neurons

A

Develop from neuroblasts and then differentiate (amitotic)

46
Q

Glial cells

A

Develop from gliablasts; continue to divide

47
Q

Myelination

A

Occurs in late fetal life and after birth until age 25

-NS is at risk during entire pregnancy

48
Q

Microglia

A

Formed from mesenchymal cells

49
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Neural tube fails to close in cranial region
  • Neural tissue degenerates and skull does not form
  • fatal
50
Q

Spina bifida

A
  • Failure of the neural tube to close, not cranial region
  • Varying severity
  • Usually lower on spinal column
  • folic acid needed for neural tube closure
51
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Least severe form of spina bifida

52
Q

Meningocele and meningomyelocele

A
  • Moderate form of spina bifida

- Sac filled with fluid; neural tube present

53
Q

Rachischisis

A
  • Most sever form of spina bifida

- Neural tube does not close; neural tissue is exposed and becomes necrotic

54
Q

Five lobes per hemisphere

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

55
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Within the mesencephalon (or midbrain), contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum.

56
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Located in the brainstem, anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

57
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe.
The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation

58
Q

Frontal lobe

A

The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopaminergic system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation.

59
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. Located in back of the brain

60
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

Plays an important role in motor control. Located next to brain stem. “Little brain”

62
Q

Thalamus

A

A large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex, and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

64
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

- information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem.

65
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Makes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

66
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

-Ventricles 1 and 2
-Paired in the cerebral hemispheres
Interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)– connects to 3rd ventricle

67
Q

Third ventricle

A
  • in the diencephalon

- Cerebral aquaduct (aquaduct of Sylvius) - connects to 4th ventricle

68
Q

Fourth ventricle

A
  • in the hindbrain
  • Connects to central canal of spinal cord
  • CSF can exit three ways to the subarachnoid space:
    • Midline foramen
    • Foramen of Magendie - (median aperture)
    • Foramina of Luschka – (lateral apertures)
69
Q

Soma

A
  • cell body of neuron

- synthetic center of cell

70
Q

Dendrites

A

projections off of the cell body which receive signals from other neurons

71
Q

Axon

A

one per neuron, transmits nervous impulse to next neuron/skeletal muscle

72
Q

Axon terminal

A

where neurotransmitters are released to signal the next neuron, etc.

73
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

lipoid material wrapped around an axon to insulate from ionic disturbance

74
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

areas of axon exposed between myelin sheaths; ion channels present

75
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

76
Q

Motor (efferent) neurons

A

carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

77
Q

Interneurons (associated neurons)

A

shuttle signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within the CNS

78
Q

Multipolar

A
  • 1 axon
  • several dendrites
  • most abundant
    • motor neurons and interneurons
79
Q

Bipolar

A
  • 1 axon
  • 1 dendrite
  • Rare, e.g. retinal neurons
80
Q

Unipolar (pseudounipolar)

A
  • single, short process that has two branches:
    1) Peripheral process
    2) Central process
81
Q

Peripheral process

A

More distal branch of unipolar neuron, often associated with a sensory receptor

82
Q

Central process

A

Branch of unipolar neuron entering the CNS

83
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • In CNS

- support neurons; part of blood brain barrier; regulate chemical environment

84
Q

Microglia

A
  • In CNS

- remove debris and damaged neurons (from bone marrow)

85
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • In CNS

- line ventricles in brain

86
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • In CNS

- processes form myelin sheaths on axons; one can cover the processes of many neurons

87
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • in PNS

- surround soma; involved in signaling

88
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • in PNS
  • produce myelin sheaths; whole cell surround process
  • makes 1 myelin sheath on 1 axon
89
Q

Neurilemma

A

Schwann cells on external surface of myelin sheath

90
Q

Tract

A

bundle of nerve processes in the CNS

91
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of nerve processes in the PNS

92
Q

Nuclei

A

groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

93
Q

Ganglion

A

group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

94
Q

Endoneurium

A

loos connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

95
Q

Perineurium

A

coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

96
Q

Epineurium

A

tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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