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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the skeleton

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton Components

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Hyoid bone (horseshoe shaped bone in neck)
  4. Rib cage
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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton Components

A
  1. Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
  2. Upper limbs
  3. Pelvic girdle (hip bones and sacrum)
  4. Lower limbs
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4
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A

Bone and cartilage

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5
Q

Skeletal system functions

A
  1. Support for body and soft organs
  2. Protection for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
  3. Movement- levers for muscle action
  4. Storage- minerals, growth factors, triglyceride storage
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
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6
Q

Long bone

A

Tubular, longer than they are wide

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7
Q

Short bone

A

Cuboid in shape

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8
Q

Flat bone

A

Flat, may be curved (ribs)

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9
Q

Irregular bone

A

Does not fit in the other categories

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10
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Bone forms within tendons (big toe)

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11
Q

Two types of bones

A
  1. Compact (lamellar)

2. Spongy (cancellous)

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12
Q

Compact bone

A
  • concentric tubes of bone matrix

- Haversion system

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13
Q

Haversion system

A
  1. Osteon organization- cylinders of bone
  2. Lamella- layers of bone that compose osteon
  3. Canaliculi- canals between lacunae
  4. Lacunae- small spaces in lamellae for osteocytes
  5. Osteocyte- bone cells
  6. Central canal- tube that houses blood vessels and nerves
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14
Q

Spongy bone

A
  • Composed of trabeculae instead of osteons

- Trabeculae- form along lines of stress; porous bone

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15
Q

Structure of a long bone

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Spongy bone
  5. Compact bone
  6. Medullary cavity
  7. Periosteum
  8. Endosteum
  9. Epiphyseal line/plate
  10. Red marrow
  11. Yellow marrow
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16
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft/central part of the long bone

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17
Q

Epiphysis

A

End part of the long bone

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18
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Found at the end of bones and form joints; hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity that houses red/yellow marrow; stores fat (TAGS)

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20
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner osteogenic layer
    • Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
    • Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
    • Osteogenic cells (stem cells)
  • Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina
  • Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers
    • NOTE - does not cover articular cartilage
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21
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone; lines medullary cavity
  • Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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22
Q

Epiphyseal line/plate

A

Growth plate (hyaline cartilage)

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23
Q

Red marrow

A

Produces red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells

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24
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Produces some white blood cells

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25
Q

Bone development

A

Begins to form during 3rd month; mothers need to ingest more calcium

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26
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Most common form of bone formation in appendicular skeleton
  • Chondrocytes die and osteoblasts and blood vessels invade
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27
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • Superficial flat bones in head
  • Direct formation of bone within mesenchyme
  • i.e. clavicle, mandible, flat bones of neurocranium
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28
Q

Cartilage formation

A

-Begins around week 5
1. Chondroblasts proliferate
2. Blood vessels regress
3. Chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes
-chondroblasts remain at periphery of cartilage forming
the perichondrium
4. Chondrocytes secrete matrix

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29
Q

Cartilage cells

A
  • chondroblasts- differentiate into chondrocytes

- chondrocytes- mature cartilage cell

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30
Q

Sclerotome

A
  • part of a somite that develops from paraxial mesoderm
  • bone/cartilage of axial skeleton
  • some skull
  • vertebrae (half of 2 sclerotomes)
  • Intervertebral discs –> annulus fibrosus
  • ribs
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31
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Facial skull bones

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32
Q

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A
  • Sternum (axial skeleton)

- Cartilage and bones (appendicular skeleton)

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33
Q

Appendicular skeleton formation

A
  • Formed by endochondral ossification
  • Cartilage formed week 5-8
  • Ossification begins in 3rd month until 20 years old
  • Girdles form with limb and migrate to axial skeleton
  • Signaling gradients induce limb bone formation
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34
Q

Limb formation

A
  • Limb buds appear in week 4
  • Upper limbs lead lower by 1-2 days
  • Digits formed by apoptosis on most distal portion (surface ectoderm) and its interaction with underlying somatic lateral plate mesoderm
  • Muscle and nervous tissue migrate into the limbs
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35
Q

Congenital defects

A
  • Amelia: while limb mission
  • Meromelia: part of limb missing
  • Syndactyly: fusion of digits
  • Polydactyly: too many digits
  • Cleft foot: toes don’t form; looks like a hoof
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36
Q

Fontanelles (fetal skull)

A
  • Fibrous tissue present prior to suture fusing in neurocranium
  • Functions:
    1. Allow brain growth
    2. Allow birthcanal passage
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37
Q

Fontanelle positions and number

A
  1. Anterior (Frontal)- 1
  2. Posterior (Occipital)- 1
  3. Anterolateral (sphenoidal)- 2
  4. Posterolateral (mastoid)- 2
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38
Q

Neurocranium

A
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Ethmoid bone
  3. Sphenoid bone
  4. Occipital bone
  5. Temporal bone (2)
  6. Parietal bone (2)
39
Q

Viscerocranium

A
  1. Mandible bone
  2. Ethmoid bone
  3. Vomer bone
  4. Maxilla bone (2)
  5. Inferior nasal concha (2)
  6. Zygomatic bone (2)
  7. Palatine bone (2)
  8. Nasal bone (2)
  9. Lacrimal bone (2)
40
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
  • Lightens the skull
  • Enhances resonance of voice
  • Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
  • Develop as you age
41
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs

- Surrounds and protects spinal cord

42
Q

33 vertebrae

A
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 1 sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
  • Coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae)
43
Q

Curvature of the spine

A

-Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine

44
Q

Primary curvatures

A
  • Present at birth

- Kyphosis

45
Q

Secondary curvatures

A
  • Develop in infancy

- Lordosis

46
Q

Abnormal spine curvatures

A
  • Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curvature)
  • Exaggerated kyphosis (hunchback)
  • Exaggerated lordosis (swayback)
47
Q

Lordosis

A
  • Two posteriorly concave curvatures

- Cervical and lumbar

48
Q

Kyphosis

A
  • Two posteriorly convex curvatures

- Thoracic and sacral

49
Q

Typical Vertebra

A
  1. Body or centrum (anterior weight-bearing region)
  2. Vertebral arch
  3. Vertebral foramen
  4. Intervertebral foramina
50
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen

51
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Together make up vertebral canal in spinal cord

52
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves

53
Q

Seven processes per vertebra

A
  1. Spinous process- projects posteriorly
  2. Transverse processes (2)- project laterally
  3. Superior articular processes (2)- protrude superiorly
  4. Inferior articular processes (2)- protrude inferiorly
54
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A
  • Light
  • Transverse foramen
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
  • Short, bifid spinous process
  • C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) are exceptions
55
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Heart-shaped body
  • Circular vertebral foramen
  • Long, sloping spinous process
  • Demi-/facets for rib articulation
56
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • Large body, kidney shaped
  • Short, thick spinous process, hatchet shaped
  • Triangular vertebral foramen
57
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
  • Concentric fibrocartilage
  • Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
  • Nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus
58
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A
  • Inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
  • Used to be notochord
59
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

-Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

60
Q

Hyoid bone

A
  • bone on the inferior side of the jaw

- site of muscle attachment

61
Q

Ribcage

A
  • Structure: head, neck, tubercle, angle, costal groove

- Head articulates with superior and inferior vertebrae (ribs 2-9)

62
Q

True ribs

A
  • One ribs attaches to sternum via one costal cartilage

- Ribs 1-7

63
Q

False ribs

A
  • Multiple ribs attach to sternum via one costal cartilage

- Ribs 8-12

64
Q

Floating ribs

A
  • Don’t attach to sternum

- Ribs 11-12

65
Q

Sternum

A
  • Manubrium (jugular notch and sternal angle)
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process (most caudal point)
66
Q

Sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae (some shape maintained)

67
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 4 fused rudimentary vertebrae

- Muscle and ligament attachment

68
Q

Lamella

A
  • Plate of bone
    1. Circumferential- around exterior of bone
    2. Concentric- in progressively larger circles forming osteon
    3. Interstitial- found between osteons
69
Q

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

A
  • at right angles to central canal

- connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum and central canal

70
Q

Lacunae

A

-small openings within bone where osteocytes dwell

71
Q

Canaliculi

A

Hairlike channel through bone that allows osteocyte processes to communicate with other osteocytes

72
Q

Bone markings

A
  • Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
  • Joint surfaces for articulation
  • Conduits for blood vessels and nerves through bone
73
Q

Tuberosity

A

large rounded projection (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

74
Q

Tubercle

A

small raised eminence (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

75
Q

Crest

A

narrow, prominent ridge (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

76
Q

Spine

A

sharp, slender projection (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

77
Q

Line

A

narrow ridge of bone (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

78
Q

Trochanter

A

large, blunt, irregular surface (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

79
Q

Epicondyle

A

raised area above a condyle (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

80
Q

Process

A

any bony prominence (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

81
Q

Protuberance

A

projection of bone (site of muscle and ligament attachment)

82
Q

Head (of bone)

A

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck (help form joints)

83
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface (help form joints)

84
Q

Condyle

A
  • rounded articular projection (help form joints)

- often in pairs

85
Q

Capitulum

A

small, rounded articular head (help form joints)

86
Q

Trochlea

A

spool-like articular process (help form joints)

87
Q

Ramus

A

armlike bar (help form joints)

88
Q

Meatus

A

canal-like passageway

89
Q

Sinus (in bone)

A

cavity within a bone

90
Q

Fossa

A

shallow, basinlike depression

91
Q

Notch

A

depression on the edge of a bone

92
Q

Groove

A

Furrow

93
Q

Fissure

A

narrow, slitlike opening

94
Q

Foramen

A

round or oval opening through a bone

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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