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Biomedical Human Anatomy > Quiz 7 > Flashcards

Quiz 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the muscular system

A
  1. Movement
  2. Posture and maintaining body position
  3. Stabilize joints
  4. Heat generation
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2
Q

Each muscle is served by:

A
  • 1 artery
  • 1 nerve
  • 1 or more veins
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3
Q

Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
    - all are continuous with one another and tendons
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4
Q

Epimysium

A

-dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

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5
Q

Perimysium

A

-fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles

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6
Q

Fascicles

A

-groups of muscle fibers

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7
Q

Endomysium

A

-fine areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber

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8
Q

Circular arrangement of fascicles

A
  • fascicles arranged in concentric rings

- e.g. orbicularis oris

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9
Q

Convergent arrangement of fascicles

A
  • fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion

- e.g. pectoralis major

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10
Q

Parallel arrangement of fascicles

A
  • fascicles parallel to the long axis of a straplike muscle

- e.g. sartorius (in leg)

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11
Q

Fusiform arrangement of fascicles

A
  • spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers

- e.g. biceps brachii

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12
Q

Pennate arrangement of fascicles

A
  • short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle
  • e.g. rectus femorus
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13
Q

Direct muscle attachment

A

-epimysium of muscle is fused to the periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage

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14
Q

Indirect muscle attachment

A
  • connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a ropelike tendon or sheetlike aponeurosis
  • tendons
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15
Q

Aponeurosis

A

-a sheet of pearly-white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheetlike muscles having a wide area of attachment

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle functional groups

A
  1. Prime movers
  2. Antagonists
  3. Synergists
  4. Fixators
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17
Q

Prime movers

A

-Provide the major force for producing a specific movement

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18
Q

Antagonists

A

-oppose or reverse a particular movement

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19
Q

Synergists

A
  • Add force to a movement

- Reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement

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20
Q

Fixators

A

-synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin

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21
Q

Location naming

A

bone or body region associated with the muscle

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22
Q

Shape naming

A

e.g. deltoid muscle (deltoid=triangle)

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23
Q

Relative size naming

A

e.g. maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)

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24
Q

Direction of fibers or fascicles naming

A

e.g. rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (parallel to transverse plane), and oblique (fibers run at angles to an imaginary defined axis)

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25
Q

Number of origins naming

A

e.g. biceps (2 origins) and triceps (3 origins)

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26
Q

Location of attachments naming

A

named according to point of origin or insertion

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27
Q

Action naming

A

e.g. flexor or extensor, muscles that flex or extend, respectively

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28
Q

Muscles of the head

A
  1. Extraocular
  2. Middle ear
  3. Facial expression
  4. Mastication
  5. Soft palate
  6. Tongue
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29
Q

Frontalis

A

Muscle that covers the forehead

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30
Q

Epicranial aponeurosis (Galea aponeurotica)

A

Aponeurosis that covers the upper part of the cranium

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31
Q

Occipitofrontalis muscle

A
  • A muscle which covers parts of the skull. It consists of two bellies: The occipital belly, near the occipital bone, and the frontal belly, near the frontal bone
  • raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead
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32
Q

Procerus

A
  • a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein
  • assists in flaring the nostrils.
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33
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • Orbital part: thicker muscle above eye

- Palpebral part: thinner muscle; eyelid

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34
Q

Nasalis

A

a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilages. It is the muscle responsible for “flaring” of the nostrils.

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35
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Its main function is to elevate upper lip

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36
Q

Zygomaticus minor

A

It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward and is used in smiling.

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37
Q

Zygomaticus major

A
  • The zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the corners of the mouth
  • It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles
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38
Q

Risorius

A
  • “fake” smile muscle

- white people smile

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39
Q

Orbicularis oris

A
  • Muscles that encircle the mouth

- closes the mouth and puckers the lips

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40
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A
  • frowning muscle

- originates from the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth.

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41
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

-helps lower the bottom lip

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42
Q

Platysma

A
  • most superficial muscle of the neck

- helps to depress the lower jaw

43
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A
  • furrows the brow

- small, narrow, pyramidal muscle close to the eye

44
Q

Temporal fascia

A

-covers temporalis muscle

45
Q

Buccinator

A
  • thin quadrilateral muscle occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face
  • keeps food over your teeth when chewing
46
Q

Masseter

A

-most superficial mastication muscle (chewing food)

47
Q

Mentalis

A
  • a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin
  • allows the lip to pout
48
Q

Auricularis posterior

A
  • two or three fleshy fasciculi, which arise from the mastoid portion of the temporal bone by short aponeurotic fibers. They are inserted into the lower part of the cranial surface of the concha
  • The post-auricular reflex is a vestigial muscle response in humans that acts to pull the ear upward and backward
49
Q

Auricularis anterior

A
  • the smallest of the three auricular muscles, is thin and fan-shaped, and its fibers are pale and indistinct
50
Q

Auricularis superior

A

-the largest of the three auriculares muscles, is also thin and fan-shaped

51
Q

Posterior belly of digastric

A
  • stretches between the mastoid process of the cranium to the mandible at the chin
  • involved in any complex jaw action such as speaking, swallowing, chewing and breathing
52
Q

Stylohyoid

A
  • extends from styloid process to hyoid

- functions to draw the hyoid bone backwards and elevate the tongue

53
Q

Temporalis

A
  • one of the muscles of mastication

- It is a broad, fan-shaped muscle on each side of the head; covers most of the temporal bone

54
Q

Muscles of the neck

A
  1. Pharyngeal
  2. Laryngeal
  3. Strap
  4. Outer cervical collar
  5. Postural muscles
55
Q

Anterior belly of digastric

A

-originates from the inner, front part of the mandible (lower jaw) in an area called the digastric fossa

56
Q

Mylohyoid

A
  • a paired muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity of the mouth
  • elevates the hyoid and the tongue
57
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

A
  • one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles; side of neck
  • The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck
58
Q

Sternothyroid

A
  • strap muscle
  • beneath sternohyoid
  • shorter and wider than sternohyoid
59
Q

Sternohyoid

A
  • a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum
  • depresses the hyoid bone
60
Q

Omohyoid (inferior belly)

A
  • a thin, relatively long muscle located in each side of the neck
  • two separate muscle bellies (superior belly and inferior belly) that are connected in the middle of the muscle by a tendon
  • depresses the hyoid
61
Q

Prevertebral later of deep cervical fascia

A

-surrounds vertebral column and associated muscles (scalene muscles, prevertebral muscles, and deep muscles of the back)

62
Q

Middle scalene

A
  • the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles
  • originates in C2-C7
  • inserts into 1st rib
  • forced deep breathing
63
Q

Posterior scalene

A
  • originates in C4-C6
  • inserts into second rib
  • forced, deep breathing
64
Q

Anterior scalene

A
  • originates in C3-C6
  • inserts in 1st rib
  • lifts 1st rib (w/ middle scalene)
65
Q

Brachial plexus

A

-found in between anterior scalene and middle scalene

66
Q

Subclavian artery

A
  • paired major arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle
  • found between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
67
Q

Subclavian vein

A
  • a paired large vein

- follows the subclavian artery and is separated from the subclavian artery by the insertion of anterior scalene

68
Q

Thyrohyoid

A
  • a small skeletal muscle on the neck which depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx
  • appearing like an upward continuation of the sternothyroid muscle
69
Q

Locations of back muscles

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Deep
70
Q

Extrinsic back muscles (embryologically)

A
  • Superficial and intermediate back muscles

- innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves or cranial nerve XI

71
Q

Intrinsic back muscles (embryologically)

A
  • deep back muscles

- true back muscles innervated by posterior rami of spinal nerves

72
Q

Levator scapulae

A
  • a skeletal muscle situated at the back and side of the neck
  • its main function is to lift the scapula
73
Q

Rhomboid minor

A
  • a small skeletal muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column
  • keeps the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall
  • lies deep to trapezius but superficial to the long spinal muscles
74
Q

Rhomboid major

A
  • a skeletal muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column
  • it acts together with the rhomboid minor to keep the scapula pressed against thoracic wall and to retract the scapula toward the vertebral column
75
Q

Trapezius

A
  • a large paired surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to the spine of the scapula
  • It moves the scapula and supports the arm
76
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A
  • a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline
  • responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint
77
Q

Superficial extrinsic back muscles

A
  1. Levator scapulae
  2. Rhomboid major and minor
  3. Trapezius
  4. Latissimus dorsi
78
Q

Superficial layer of intrinsic back muscle

A
  • known as erector spinae
    1. Spinalis thoracis
    2. Longissimus
    3. Iliocostalis
79
Q

Spinalis thoracis

A

-a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine

80
Q

Longissimus

A
  • the muscle lateral to the spinalis thoracis
  • It is the longest subdivision of the erector spinae muscles that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae
81
Q

Iliocostalis

A

-immediately lateral to the longissimus

82
Q

Transversospinalis

A
  1. Rotatores
  2. Multifidus
  3. Semispinalis
83
Q

Rotatores

A
  • lie beneath the multifidus and are present in all spinal regions but are most prominent in the thoracic region
  • it arises from the superior and posterior part of the transverse process, and is inserted into the lower border and lateral surface of the lamina of the vertebra above, the fibers extending as far as the root of the spinous process
84
Q

Multifidus

A
  • consists of a number of fleshy and tendinous fasciculi, which fill up the groove on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, from the sacrum to the axis
  • plays an important role in stabilizing the joints within the spine
85
Q

Semispinalis

A
  • group of three muscles belonging to the transversospinales (the semispinalis capitis, the semispinalis cervicis and the semispinalis thoracis)
86
Q

Pectoralis major

A
  • a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest

- makes up bulk of chest muscles

87
Q

Pectoralis minor

A
  • a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the pectoralis major in the human body
  • depresses the point of the shoulder, drawing the scapula superior, towards the thorax, and throwing its inferior angle posteriorly
88
Q

Serratus anterior

A
  • originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula
  • acts to pull the scapula forward around the thorax.
89
Q

External intercostal

A
  • eleven on both sides
  • extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front
  • involved in expansion of ribs during inhalation
90
Q

Internal intercostal

A
  • found underneath external intercostal muscles
  • muscle fibers in opposite direction of external intercostal
  • involved in exhalation
91
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles

A
  • located underneath the internal intercostal muscles

- nerves and vessels lie inbetween internal and innermost intercostal muscles

92
Q

Transversus thoracis

A
  • lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly

- depressed the ribs, helps with exahalation

93
Q

External obliques

A
  • the largest and the most superficial of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen
  • functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a valsalva maneuver
  • also bends and rotates the trunk
94
Q

Internal obliques

A
  • a muscle in the abdominal wall that lies below the external oblique and just above the transverse abdominal muscles
  • an accessory muscle of respiration, it acts as an antagonist (opponent) to the diaphragm, helping to reduce the volume of the chest cavity during exhalation
  • also helps to bend and rotate the trunk
95
Q

Transversus abdominis

A
  • a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is deep to the internal oblique muscle
  • helps to compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability
96
Q

Rectus abdominis

A
  • a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (abs)
  • two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba
97
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia

A

-origin or internal oblique and transversus abdominis

98
Q

Free border of external oblique

A

-region where external oblique and latissimus dorsi meet

99
Q

Rectus sheath

A
  • formed by the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal and the external and internal oblique muscles
  • three layers of collagen fibers
100
Q

Levator ani

A
  • a broad, thin muscle, situated on either side of the pelvis
  • forms the pelvic floor
  • puboprostaticus, pubovaginalis, puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus
101
Q

Coccygeus

A
  • a muscle of the pelvic floor, located posterior to levator ani
  • In combination with the levator ani, it forms the pelvic diaphragm
102
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • involuntary
  • striated (actin and myosin)
  • branched
  • more mitochondria (heart never stops beating)
  • intercalated disks (gap junctions)
  • uni- or bi-nucleated
103
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A
  • spindle shaped
  • involuntary
  • not striated
  • 2 layers (circular and longitudinal)
  • central nuclei
  • spindle shaped
104
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • voluntary
  • striated (dark= A band; Light= I band)
  • cylinder shape
  • can be very long
  • peripheral nuclei
  • many mitochondria
  • multinucleated

Biomedical Human Anatomy (28 decks)

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