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crime, security and justice in the city > things i need to focus on > Flashcards

things i need to focus on Flashcards

1
Q

social disorgansiation theory

shaw + mcckay

A
  • statisitical concentration of young offenders in zone in transition
  • low socio economci status
  • residential turnover
  • heterogentiy
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2
Q

collective effiacy

sampson

A
  • process of activitating/ converting social ties among neighborhood residents to achieve collective goals
  • residents must be willing to intervene
  • social cohesion+ trust
  • use public space to intervene + solve disputes before escalates to police
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3
Q

routine actiivites theory

cohen and felson

A
  • rational choice + opportuntity theory
  • weigh up risks, rewards
  • socioeconomic environment shapes offending opportuntiies
  • spatial and temporal variations of crime rates due to daily actiivties for routines
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4
Q

crime pattern theory

brantingham

A
  • social/ physical environment shapes offender decision making
  • offenders prefer to operate in familiar contextsin their daily routines
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5
Q

broken windows theory

wilson and kelling

A
  1. link between disorder + crime
  2. spirals of decline
  3. order maintenance policing
  • erosion of informal social controls
  • comunities reach their TIPPING POINTS which crime feeds off
  • visible signs of social dsorder INDIRECTLY contrbiutes to hgih rates of serious crime as it encourages misbehaviour
  • correlation does not prove causation
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6
Q

signal crime theory

inness

A
  • reassuance gap - fear of crime correlates with VISIBLE signs of crime
  • public perceptions of crime is crucial
  • incidents of disorder TRANSMIT SIGNALS that shapes peoples RISK PERCEPTIONS
  • signals local area is out of control
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7
Q

what was the polcing european metropolis project

A

understanding proseective dilemmas in smart cities

orientations
objectives
populations

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8
Q

orientations for classical + posiitve traditions orientate responses to crime around what?

A

the offenders

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9
Q

what does criminological thought draw a distinction between in populations

A

epidemology + public health policy

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10
Q

maintenace regimes relflect what dispositon

A

criminal justice

  • due process maintaining prosecution
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11
Q

dilemma for maintenace regimes

A
  • can pre-emptive security measures be adopted without undermining rule of law
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12
Q

developmental regimes reflect what dispositon

A

risk management

-can pre-emptive intervention aimed at better managing opporuntiies for crime/ criminal careers
- securitisation is DEVELOPED through risk management

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13
Q

dilemma for developmental regimes

A

runs the risk of miscarriages of jusitce + unfair constrains on social conditions

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14
Q

reformist regimes reflect what dispositions

A

restorative justice

  • reforming stigmatic shaming with more reintrgeative shamping + direct mediation between offenders and victims
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15
Q

dilemma for reformist regimes

A

runs risk of undermining public interest in policing agaisnt all citizens not just individual victims

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16
Q

transformative regimes reflect what disposition

A

social justice

  • reducing/ transforming political and economic inequalities
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17
Q

dilemma for transformative regimes

A

crises of rationality
- sheer magnitude of governing programmes
- problems of collective violence
- flight of corporate to lower citiy regions

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18
Q

what was the manipilute clean hands judicial investigation

A

recognising everyday insecurities encountered by low income households that are ignored

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19
Q

prostition act 2002

A

germany federal law regulating legal status of prostition as a SERVICE

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20
Q

New zealand model 2003

A

decriminalisation of sex workers

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21
Q

managed/ tolerance zones helbeck leeds

A

2015-15th june 2021

cannot have sex in the zone
can only solicit sex
red light zone

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22
Q

nordic abolition model

A
  • began in sweden
  • buying sex became an offence in 1999
  • criminalise buyers
  • decriminalise sellers
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23
Q

new deviancy theory

david matza

A
  • linked to provenance
  • study of crime through POLITICS, JUSTICE and RISK
  • public authorities create hte problem of crime throuhg their CHOICES about what to criminalise
  • people become deviant through LABELLING + CENSURE by authorities/ politicians
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24
Q

positivist view of crime

A

objective social fact divorced from the states process of criminalisation + censure

opposite of new deviancy theory

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25
Q

radical/ critical element of environmental harms studies

A

focus on enviornmental harms of the POWERFUL
- addresses labelling issues

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26
Q

brown issues

A

pollution

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27
Q

green issues

A

wildlife + habitat protection

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28
Q

white issues

A

new technologies + lab experimenting

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29
Q

new environemtnal governance is what 3 things
P
A
R

A

proactive
anticipatory
risk based

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30
Q

dirty collar crime

A

pattern of systemtic corruption of locla officals + circumvention of existing regulations related to WASTE MANAGEMENT

waste disposal become highly profitable attracting legal + illegal enterprises

31
Q

crime by proxy

A
  • practice where waste dumping is OUTSOURCED to criminal groups by supposedly legitimate actors
  • waste dumping = CONTRACTED OUT
32
Q

Zemiology

A

shift from criminal justice to social justice to understand problems with insecurity

FOCUS ON SOCIAL HARMS RATHER THAN CRIME

33
Q

Socio technical arms race

A

arms race between organisers + preventors of crime

34
Q

mega cities hyperconnected

A
  • command centres
  • interconnectedness + communications between cities
  • high in degree + out degree measures indicate TRANSANTIONAL TRAFFIC / organised crime
35
Q

pastoral

A

securitise public sapce through behavioural manipulation + inclusion

siutational risk management

36
Q

providence

A

idea of self discipline in pursuit of future self-improvement

37
Q

eugencis movment

A

concern with purity + race

38
Q

ecological fallacy

A

indiviudal actions can be deduced from aggregate observatons about whole groups/ patterns of crime

39
Q

technolgoical solutions for smart cities

A

think tanks + commerical tech firms
PROMOTING sociotechnical ssystems

40
Q

socio technical systems

A

used in arms race between preventors + organsiers of crime

41
Q

flashmobbing

A

offline robberies COORDINATED through encyrpted online communcations

42
Q

fortress mentality

A

risk management + security through fortiifaction
e..g gated communities

43
Q

long firm frauds

A
  • trading companies set up for fraudulent purposes
  • run business as if it was legitimate
  • then steal through fraud after CULTIVATING TRUST in suppliers
44
Q

splintered urbanism

A
  • securiting rings constructed around some sections of cities disconnected physically + techolgoically
45
Q

ecological approaches to crime studied through ?

A

spatial and temporal patterns of crime as shaped by physcial/ socail environment

46
Q

place

A

has social meaning attached

47
Q

space

A

no social meanings attached

48
Q

offender based approaches

A
  • statisical mapping of offender residence patterns
  • identify delinquent areas/ self report studies
49
Q

offence based approaches

A
  • spatial analysis is of victimisation risks + perceptions of safety
  • local crime surveys
  • analysis of police recorded crime
50
Q

neighbourhood studies

A
  • intense ethnographic immersion in life worlds of local places
    exam offender + victim perspectives
51
Q

innovaton strain theory

A

individuals retain values but seek deviant routes due to blocked opportunites

52
Q

NDC + CCCS revised amercian subcultural theory

A

shift away from offending behaviour to LABELLING of subculture as criminal in YOUTHS
- social/ poltiical REACTIONs to crime/ deviance

53
Q

kray + richardson family crime groups process of profrssional crime

A

process of DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION

54
Q

Differential association

edwin sutherland

A

explain why certain people become drawn into criminality

55
Q

hobbs 2013 - the firm

A

nickname the firm is chosen by adult cc to SIGNIFY THEIR TRANSITION from neighbourhood based crime to ambiitous venture into illicit markets

  • gradutation to associaton with professioanl crime
56
Q

leeds + bristol FPM

P
I
S

A

political
interactional
situational

57
Q

jefferson radical critique

A
  • application of quasi miltiary policing
  • spirals of violence
  • paramilitary poliicng causes PROVOCATION of crime
58
Q

PAJ waddington positive paramilitarism

A
  • preventing sprials of violence
  • paramiltiary policingis a RESPONSE
  • coordination through superior command + control of senior officers
59
Q

jon coaffe 3 rings

A

rings of
- steel
- concrete
- confidence

60
Q

transnational organised crime

A

organsied crime groups coordinated across national borders
- imapct of globalisation

61
Q

the underworld

A

transgressive annex of proletarian industrial culture
- world of adult cc enabled by upperworld legiitmate commerce

62
Q

impact of the cold war

A
  • globalisation decreasesd significance of internatinal relations
  • emphasised TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS
    = command centres of city regions
63
Q

new pernicious illict businss model

A

rookeries of english city regions expanding to provinces through this business model

64
Q

aboreal thinking

A

runs risk of imposing specious conceptual order on things rather than acknowleding what actually exists

65
Q

rhizomatic

A

complex process of sense-making which each person brigns their own CONTEXT + has their own needs

66
Q

rhizomatic natrue of street life

A

qualitiative study of this life in particualr CONTEXTS rather than absratc measures gleaned from other contexts at other historical momemtns

67
Q

elaborated social identity model

A

used in police policy influenced 2011 riots

68
Q

gov counter terrorism strategy CONTEST

A

pursue
prevent
protect
prepare

69
Q

reassurance/ neighbourhood policing

A

emergeed from research on SIGNAL CRIME
- small local areas develop PROACTIVE communtiy policing approaches
- evaluation of local management commmuntiy safety
- tackle anti social behaviour
- PARTNERSHIPS with local authorities + police
- intro of police community support officer
- lcoal authority community warden scheme

70
Q

moore et al reducing alchohol relate dsharm through what

A

explanatory randomised controlled trial of premises-level intervention

match, paired, randomly allocated control + intervention agents

71
Q

hobbes research of NTE

A
  • particiapnt observation + interviews
  • enacted environments
  • issue = POLTIICANS + REGULATORS
72
Q

Project vigilant by stander intervention training

T
I
S

A

target incidents
identify predatory behaviours
support predatory referrall

73
Q

liberal feminist advocacy groups

A
  • advocate pro decriminalisation
  • sex work = honoruable profession
  • woemn have control over their bodies
  • telling women what to do with their bodies is patriarchal + paternalistic
74
Q

radical feminsiits

A
  • campaign for ABOLITION
  • womens bodies should not be commodified as it reaffirms male dominance
  • sex work is not work but a last resort
  • equates with modern slavery
  • cannot be entirely consensual

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

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