things i need to focus on Flashcards
social disorgansiation theory
shaw + mcckay
- statisitical concentration of young offenders in zone in transition
- low socio economci status
- residential turnover
- heterogentiy
collective effiacy
sampson
- process of activitating/ converting social ties among neighborhood residents to achieve collective goals
- residents must be willing to intervene
- social cohesion+ trust
- use public space to intervene + solve disputes before escalates to police
routine actiivites theory
cohen and felson
- rational choice + opportuntity theory
- weigh up risks, rewards
- socioeconomic environment shapes offending opportuntiies
- spatial and temporal variations of crime rates due to daily actiivties for routines
crime pattern theory
brantingham
- social/ physical environment shapes offender decision making
- offenders prefer to operate in familiar contextsin their daily routines
broken windows theory
wilson and kelling
- link between disorder + crime
- spirals of decline
- order maintenance policing
- erosion of informal social controls
- comunities reach their TIPPING POINTS which crime feeds off
- visible signs of social dsorder INDIRECTLY contrbiutes to hgih rates of serious crime as it encourages misbehaviour
- correlation does not prove causation
signal crime theory
inness
- reassuance gap - fear of crime correlates with VISIBLE signs of crime
- public perceptions of crime is crucial
- incidents of disorder TRANSMIT SIGNALS that shapes peoples RISK PERCEPTIONS
- signals local area is out of control
what was the polcing european metropolis project
understanding proseective dilemmas in smart cities
orientations
objectives
populations
orientations for classical + posiitve traditions orientate responses to crime around what?
the offenders
what does criminological thought draw a distinction between in populations
epidemology + public health policy
maintenace regimes relflect what dispositon
criminal justice
- due process maintaining prosecution
dilemma for maintenace regimes
- can pre-emptive security measures be adopted without undermining rule of law
developmental regimes reflect what dispositon
risk management
-can pre-emptive intervention aimed at better managing opporuntiies for crime/ criminal careers
- securitisation is DEVELOPED through risk management
dilemma for developmental regimes
runs the risk of miscarriages of jusitce + unfair constrains on social conditions
reformist regimes reflect what dispositions
restorative justice
- reforming stigmatic shaming with more reintrgeative shamping + direct mediation between offenders and victims
dilemma for reformist regimes
runs risk of undermining public interest in policing agaisnt all citizens not just individual victims
transformative regimes reflect what disposition
social justice
- reducing/ transforming political and economic inequalities
dilemma for transformative regimes
crises of rationality
- sheer magnitude of governing programmes
- problems of collective violence
- flight of corporate to lower citiy regions
what was the manipilute clean hands judicial investigation
recognising everyday insecurities encountered by low income households that are ignored
prostition act 2002
germany federal law regulating legal status of prostition as a SERVICE
New zealand model 2003
decriminalisation of sex workers
managed/ tolerance zones helbeck leeds
2015-15th june 2021
cannot have sex in the zone
can only solicit sex
red light zone
nordic abolition model
- began in sweden
- buying sex became an offence in 1999
- criminalise buyers
- decriminalise sellers
new deviancy theory
david matza
- linked to provenance
- study of crime through POLITICS, JUSTICE and RISK
- public authorities create hte problem of crime throuhg their CHOICES about what to criminalise
- people become deviant through LABELLING + CENSURE by authorities/ politicians
positivist view of crime
objective social fact divorced from the states process of criminalisation + censure
opposite of new deviancy theory
radical/ critical element of environmental harms studies
focus on enviornmental harms of the POWERFUL
- addresses labelling issues
brown issues
pollution
green issues
wildlife + habitat protection
white issues
new technologies + lab experimenting
new environemtnal governance is what 3 things
P
A
R
proactive
anticipatory
risk based
dirty collar crime
pattern of systemtic corruption of locla officals + circumvention of existing regulations related to WASTE MANAGEMENT
waste disposal become highly profitable attracting legal + illegal enterprises
crime by proxy
- practice where waste dumping is OUTSOURCED to criminal groups by supposedly legitimate actors
- waste dumping = CONTRACTED OUT
Zemiology
shift from criminal justice to social justice to understand problems with insecurity
FOCUS ON SOCIAL HARMS RATHER THAN CRIME
Socio technical arms race
arms race between organisers + preventors of crime
mega cities hyperconnected
- command centres
- interconnectedness + communications between cities
- high in degree + out degree measures indicate TRANSANTIONAL TRAFFIC / organised crime
pastoral
securitise public sapce through behavioural manipulation + inclusion
siutational risk management
providence
idea of self discipline in pursuit of future self-improvement
eugencis movment
concern with purity + race
ecological fallacy
indiviudal actions can be deduced from aggregate observatons about whole groups/ patterns of crime
technolgoical solutions for smart cities
think tanks + commerical tech firms
PROMOTING sociotechnical ssystems
socio technical systems
used in arms race between preventors + organsiers of crime
flashmobbing
offline robberies COORDINATED through encyrpted online communcations
fortress mentality
risk management + security through fortiifaction
e..g gated communities
long firm frauds
- trading companies set up for fraudulent purposes
- run business as if it was legitimate
- then steal through fraud after CULTIVATING TRUST in suppliers
splintered urbanism
- securiting rings constructed around some sections of cities disconnected physically + techolgoically
ecological approaches to crime studied through ?
spatial and temporal patterns of crime as shaped by physcial/ socail environment
place
has social meaning attached
space
no social meanings attached
offender based approaches
- statisical mapping of offender residence patterns
- identify delinquent areas/ self report studies
offence based approaches
- spatial analysis is of victimisation risks + perceptions of safety
- local crime surveys
- analysis of police recorded crime
neighbourhood studies
- intense ethnographic immersion in life worlds of local places
exam offender + victim perspectives
innovaton strain theory
individuals retain values but seek deviant routes due to blocked opportunites
NDC + CCCS revised amercian subcultural theory
shift away from offending behaviour to LABELLING of subculture as criminal in YOUTHS
- social/ poltiical REACTIONs to crime/ deviance
kray + richardson family crime groups process of profrssional crime
process of DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
Differential association
edwin sutherland
explain why certain people become drawn into criminality
hobbs 2013 - the firm
nickname the firm is chosen by adult cc to SIGNIFY THEIR TRANSITION from neighbourhood based crime to ambiitous venture into illicit markets
- gradutation to associaton with professioanl crime
leeds + bristol FPM
P
I
S
political
interactional
situational
jefferson radical critique
- application of quasi miltiary policing
- spirals of violence
- paramilitary poliicng causes PROVOCATION of crime
PAJ waddington positive paramilitarism
- preventing sprials of violence
- paramiltiary policingis a RESPONSE
- coordination through superior command + control of senior officers
jon coaffe 3 rings
rings of
- steel
- concrete
- confidence
transnational organised crime
organsied crime groups coordinated across national borders
- imapct of globalisation
the underworld
transgressive annex of proletarian industrial culture
- world of adult cc enabled by upperworld legiitmate commerce
impact of the cold war
- globalisation decreasesd significance of internatinal relations
- emphasised TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONS
= command centres of city regions
new pernicious illict businss model
rookeries of english city regions expanding to provinces through this business model
aboreal thinking
runs risk of imposing specious conceptual order on things rather than acknowleding what actually exists
rhizomatic
complex process of sense-making which each person brigns their own CONTEXT + has their own needs
rhizomatic natrue of street life
qualitiative study of this life in particualr CONTEXTS rather than absratc measures gleaned from other contexts at other historical momemtns
elaborated social identity model
used in police policy influenced 2011 riots
gov counter terrorism strategy CONTEST
pursue
prevent
protect
prepare
reassurance/ neighbourhood policing
emergeed from research on SIGNAL CRIME
- small local areas develop PROACTIVE communtiy policing approaches
- evaluation of local management commmuntiy safety
- tackle anti social behaviour
- PARTNERSHIPS with local authorities + police
- intro of police community support officer
- lcoal authority community warden scheme
moore et al reducing alchohol relate dsharm through what
explanatory randomised controlled trial of premises-level intervention
match, paired, randomly allocated control + intervention agents
hobbes research of NTE
- particiapnt observation + interviews
- enacted environments
- issue = POLTIICANS + REGULATORS
Project vigilant by stander intervention training
T
I
S
target incidents
identify predatory behaviours
support predatory referrall
liberal feminist advocacy groups
- advocate pro decriminalisation
- sex work = honoruable profession
- woemn have control over their bodies
- telling women what to do with their bodies is patriarchal + paternalistic
radical feminsiits
- campaign for ABOLITION
- womens bodies should not be commodified as it reaffirms male dominance
- sex work is not work but a last resort
- equates with modern slavery
- cannot be entirely consensual
