2.2 youthful urban collaborations Flashcards
what demographic is there a fearful preoccuaption with in history of urban governance
-threats posed by groups of young working class males BAME
in early 20th century who tried to conceptualsie these threats of criminal collaborations
and why?
- chicago school
- for the purposes of systematic empirical investigation in terms of the street gang
what was the criticism of british sociologists about the american concept of the gang?
didn’t explain the group behaviour of young people in british cities who were more likely to pariticpate in less structured sub cultures
when were american concepts of the gang more relevant in britain and regarding what characteristics
early 21st century
- characteristics of youthful criminal collaboration now more relevant in britain
- or criminal collaboration in uk had become americanised
the refutation of this american to british convergence thesis by those arguing criminal collaboration remains highly dependent on what?
on the context in different cities within countries let alone between them
what is stan cohen a sociologist of
deviance and social control
stan cohen quote ‘prevalence of….
as researchers avert their gaze from crimes of… to focus on fears of…
- prevalence of palms up, eyes down criminology
- as researchers avert their gaze from crimes of the powerful to focus on fears of the powerful about threat from below
epidemological research (self report studies epecialy) estimate how many offences known to authorities are committed collaboratively in joint enterprise crime?
50%
fraser and hobbs 2017 use concepts of the gang, the firm etc to interpret this joint enterprise along with the allied focus on urban contexts of this joint enterprise BETRAYS what preoccupation?
political and economic preoccupation with the threat from the urban working class,
- especially its cohort of males from perceived outside groups
frasher and hobbs 2017 core argument is that those criminal collaboratiosn that are regarded as ‘urban’ are regarded so because of WHOS FEAR
because of more profound fear amongst the authorities of threats posed by the urban working class to social order
fraud and white collar crimes are often what type of offence
collaborative
fraud and white collar crime have not historically been regarded as what?
which is synonymous with..
- not historically regarded as central to crime control in cities
- effectively synonymous with policing the working class
what are metaphors of communal transgression
- the gang
- the mob
- the firm
- the organisation
metaphors for communal transgression carry implicit essences of what 3 intents?
- consolidated
- concentrated
- undiluted deviant intent
when presented as collectivities criminals compound the threats posed by actions of individual deviants and the resultant categories become WHAT by law enforcement and the media
become EASILY OBJECTIFIED by law enforcement agencies and valorised by mass media
what two types of crime are generlaly exempt from being presented in terms of collectivities
fraud
white collar crime
which group is overwhelmingly regarded as suitable for plural as opposed to individual consideration
urban working class
what group evades definition and narrow categorisation but are central to criminological cannnon?
youthful urban collaborations
what group remains a niche field of inquiry but increasing insalience due to growing interest of authorities in organsied crime?
adult crimininal collaborations
policing the working class city reflects struggles over what 3 things?
-access to resources
- opportunities amongst upwardly mobile populations
- left behind residual populations of the street
what does phil cohen 1981 capture the progression of the split that occurred within what population in london? because they became upwardly mobile
working class populations in london
- became upwardly mobile
- began to demand greater protection of their property and
- right to move freely around neighbourhoods
when did the character of conflict with state police alter
what does it reflect
from mid 19th century to early 20th century
reflecting this upward mobility and consequent fragmentation of the working class reaction to constabularies
what were the new police called with resentment
blue locusts
by early 20th century conflict became focussed more specificlaly amongst
the police and the residaul street population
who in particular in the residual street population were the focus of the police
- costermongers
- barrow boys
- hustlers
- other street entrepreneurs
what did the more specific conflict with residual street populations rather than entire communiites introduce as a crucial dimesnion to respectable fears
age
what was the policing focus in the signal work of shaw and mcckay?
focus of policing on juvenile members of street populations and their joint enterprises
fraser and hobbs 2017 suggest the preoccupation with juvenile gangs in public policy further betrays the real underlying concern with perceived threat of working class street populations to social order in major cities rather than the actuality of what?
the actuality of
- what enables different kinds of crimes in cities
- who gets involved
- with what harmful consequences
the fearful social reaction to crime has shifted away from juvenile gangs and beocme more concerned with ?
joint enterprise amognst adults involved in organised crime
when were public policy reactions to criminal enterprises in amercian cities
during prohibition era
what is organised crime epitomised by the influence of whos governance in chicago 1920-302
al capones mob in 1920 and 1930s
what preoccuption with adult collaborations has continued rather than focusing on conditions
with agency rather than the conditions
major criticsm of chicago school work is its AVERSION to studying what which creates the conditions for crime and insecurity?
political and economic choices of powerful state and commercial actors
why are chicago school criticised for a lack of
what did they have a limited recogntiion of whch created the conditons for street crime
lack of reflexivity about the values implicit in their own methodological choices
limited recognition of the role of powerful state and corporate actors
who are associaed with the birth of science of street crime central to the gang concept
chicago school
what method of data collection did thrasher 1927 root his concepts of street gangs in
primary data collection methods
e.g. interviews, socialising, identifying with gang members
how would thrashers 1927 data collection methods be described as today
ethnographic snowball sampling
what are thrashers conceptualisation of conventionalised groups formally structured around rules of?
M
E
P
- membership
- exclusion
- punishment
how did gangs form according to thrashser?
- gangs emerge out of informal crowds in neighborhoods with high population densities
- with limited space and resources
- compelling young people to congregate and pursue their leisure in public space e.g. the street
thrasher said the major innovator in identifying how the more solidified and formalised gangs became the more they provided routes into:
B
A
MP
- banditry
- adult criminal enterprises
- machine politics
what is banditry
- planned routine
- rather than just opportunistic commission of street crimes
what is associated with recruitment into adult criminal enterprises
- the mob
- organsied crime
- running extortion rackets
- narcotics
- prostitution
- illegal gambling
- drinking
why are political campaigns and rewarding and threatening elctorates on behalf of politicians called machine politiics
- because of the way that access to and retention of public office was systematically brought through bribes and threats, enforced if needed by street gangs
what research was driven by north amercian criminologists malcolm klein but transfeered to european criminology through?
WHAT PROGRAMME
eurogangs programme
what has eurogangs programme on latin kings elaborated
latin kings are no reducible or connected to what
- latin kinds had their origins in street gangs
- but are not reducible to banditry or connected to machine politics of public officials
what are latin kings instead in
undertake what function?
- instead in a vacuum of adequate welfare state provisions
- undertake para state functions
when is the era of consensus in US
after WW2 and before 1960s
what dream is central to era of consensus
idea of upward mobility through educational attainment and hard work = american dream
what is the american dream
- individual progress was open to all, particualrly in expanding economies of north americaan cities irrespective of class inequalities and ethnic religious bigotries
what did subculture depict
what was the american dream in actuality ?
american dream was in actuality subverted by unequal access to education and employment needed for upward mobility
what was innovation (strain theory)
- individuals may retain values but reject the means (of licit employment) due to BLOCKED ADVANCEMENT seeking instead deviant routes to personal advancement
- gangsterism
- lucrative illegal markets in drugs and vice
concept of subculture recast this notion of adaptations to strain from merton focus on
individuals to whole social classes
what was cohens ‘status frustration’
- workign class males alienated from middle class values of school
- routinely ignored challenging background working class lads came from
- how these inhibited their ability to suceed whilst in school
- confronted by teachers oblivious to these inhibitions and inclined to pathologise them as personal flaws these working class lads develop status frustration and react by forming a subculture
cohens concept of reaction formation of subculutes of how males can transition out of unfulfilling conventio school carerrs via what?
VIA TRUANCY into innovative adaptions to strain in adolescence and adulthood
Who were founders of national deviancy conference and revised amercian subcultural theory
david downes
stan cohen
david downes concluded from his fieldwork of observing youths in london east end that working class lads were NOT FRUSTRATED in accomplishgin middle class values of status and upward mobility because of WHAT?
they didnt share these values to begin with
- THEY WERE DISSASOCIATED from these values
what did david downs state that working class lads that were dissociated from middle class value inherited and sought to reproduce instead
rival working class values of their PARENTS and other generations before who valued endeavour in LABOURING employment due to structrual inequalities
what social groups were british working classs lads cohering around
looser-knit social groups cohering around diverse fashion and music scences
what did sociologists in new deviancy conference and centre for contemporary cultural studies shift analyticla focus awayfrom explanations of offending behaviour to understanding what?
the labelling of subcultures as deviant or criminal in youth unemployment
what were actual dynamics of criminal collaboration in british cities that NDC and CCS were more interested in explaining?
rahter than explinaing what?
more interested in explaining the social and political reaction to deviance
RATHER than explaining deviance itself
what did the intesnifiation of turf wars over control of crack cocaine also see an exponential rise in
fire arm related violence and fatalities amongst BAME and innocent bystanders/ neighbourhood residents caught in cross-fire between rival gangs competing for market share
what does the ecology of fear and violence associated with the drug trade can be seen as an artefact of ….
what policig did this lead to
…the fearful social reaction to the percieved threats posed by young working class males from certain, criminalised ethnictiiess involved in trading narcotics
- leading to more aggressive targeted policing
political economy of criminal collaborations analytical focus expanded to include BOTH
CF
FSR
both
- CASUAL FACTORS
FEARFUL SOCIAL REACTIONS
what did william julisu wilson use to investigate young males with limited institutional support
intensive qualitative empirical investigations
what did malcolm klein 1995 mean by the behavioural analysis of the formation and social reaction to gang related crime as a problem of what rather than politcal economy or ecology of fear?
CRIMINAL JUSTICE
what did klien argue can be address through a rejuvenated programme of research epitomised in
eurogangs progrramme
what did john pitts work reluctant gangsters explain
the rejuvenated interest in gangs as drivers of serious crime
what does pitts, cloward, and ohlin 1960 argue working class males get pushed into criminal gangs as a consequence of
blocked opportunities
what do american city gangs evolve into
para-state organisations
- providing for accomodation, healthcare and other needs in absence of adequate support from legitimate state
what welfare state have american cities had
relatively limited welfare state apparatus
what 3 things led to a convergence in social and economic conditions of british and american cities
R
EO
STD
-reduction of welfare state appartaus
- unskilled/ semi skilled employment opportuntiies in legitimate labour markets
- illicit labour markets of street drug trade
what type of choice in context of social exclusion joining gangs may be
a rational choice for survival in deprived urban neighbourhoods
what contextual insight in london
- what violence
- what subculture
- chaotic violence of street worlds
- on road subculture
what contextual insight for manchester
- what emergence
- what prophecies
-emergence of formalised gangs
- selfulfilling prophecies of state labelling
what contexual insight in glasgow
- L F S
- legend, folklore and sectarianism in constitution of criminal collaboratiosn
what does hallsworth and young 2008 refer to gangtalk industry and tame criminolgoists as in london
accepeted…
rather than questioning….
gangtalk industry including tame criminologists who have uncritically accepted policy constructions of the gang problem
- rather than questioning the particualr social conditions that make crminal collaborations possible
what did hallsworth and young undertook qualitative interestives with gangsters and discovered through biographical accoutns that pathway into offending was
collaborations in looser networks and association with others eking out in violent ecology of the street
- LIVING ON ROAD
what are on road associates connected to
adult criminal enterprises or drawn from indentured labour (county lines drug trafficking)
what 3 things are on road gangsters not recruited into formal organisations associated with american ganglife
TOI
ROM
PR
- trials of initiation
- rules of memberhsip
- punsihment rituals
what does ralphs et al provide an analysis of the role of authorities causing gang crimes
classic labelling analysis of the role of authorities in labelling group behaviour as gangsterism and those living up to the label
what does ralphs et al offical prophesies of gang crime becme self fullfilling akin to what due to role of officals and mass media ?
role of offical and mass media in DEVIANCY AMPLIFICATION
what does alistair frasers 2015 work acknowledge the continuites of what in glaswegian hardmen
continutites of folklore around glaswegian harmdem allied to strenght of territorial identity and neighbourhood nationalisms
what did sectarian identity structure which provided a focal point for male working class leisure
the sporting and leisure scenes which provided focal point for male working class lesiure
- strong and continuous influence shaping patways into criminal collaborations
what do generalities versus context of london, manchester and glasgow suggest of general concepts of crime in america
TR
A
E
too rigidi, ahistorical and ethnocentric
to corrborate generalisations thay may aprpos malcolm kliens research identfy common patterns in crime security and jsutice but at the cost of what?
false universalism that precludes realistic understanding
criminal collaborations in the uk are less what than the gang in america
less ahistorical and ethnocentric a concept
