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crime, security and justice in the city > 8.1 urban security agendas > Flashcards

8.1 urban security agendas Flashcards

1
Q

how can policy agendas be understood for authorities governing problems of crime and security

A

justice and risk management

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2
Q

what are 4 ways of thinking about crime and security in cities according to govermentalities?

A

-criminal justice
- restorative justice
- social justice
- risk management

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3
Q

what reading is referenced in lectrure regarding concepts of justice and risk management?

A

edwards and hughes 2012

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4
Q

what theory from 1960s is linked to provenance (origin) of thinking about crime?

A

new deviancy theory

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5
Q

who is key figure in new deviancy theory

A

david matza

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6
Q

what is david matzas main argument in his text becoming deviant for what public authorities do in creating problems of crime and delinquency

A

public authorities of the state in part create problems of crime and delinqeuncy through
- CHOICES about what to criminalise and how to control criminalisaed behaviour

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7
Q

according to matza how do people become deviant?

A

as a consequence of how their behvaiour is labelled and cenusred by authorities

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8
Q

how does positivist criminology view crime?

A

as an objective social fact, divorced from the state and its processes of criminalisation and censure

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9
Q

what does matza argue i s necessary to understand crime

A

workings and theory of state
understanding the POLITICS of justice and risk that produce criminalisation and securiyt

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10
Q

why are securities ignored by authorities

A
  • narrow criminal justice
  • risk management agendas
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11
Q

how are urbna security futures shaped?

A

by politics of justice and security
- how well authorities adapt to challenegs of urbanisation

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12
Q

how has political analysis evolved since mazta
expanded to…
moving beyond…

A
  • expanded to include subtle characterisations of political actors involved
  • moving beyond reductive concepts of the state to notions of governance involving mutlple actors
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13
Q

what is multi-centred governance?

A

a process in which mutliple political actors COMPETE to steer the exercise of political authority in a particualr direction

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14
Q

what are 4 policy agendas of advancing ways of thinkong and justifyin urban security in terms of…

A
  • criminal jsutice
    -restorative justice
  • social justice
  • risk management
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15
Q

how can dispositions political actors coalesce around be distinguished?

A

by rules of meaning and membershop for belonging to policy agenda

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16
Q

what do dispositions in urban security broaden the curriculum beyond crime to other threats

A

criminal justice to restorative justice and social jusitce and risk mangement

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17
Q

what does mazta principla legacy broaden the horizons of criminoligy to place what analysis at the centre

A

politics and political analysis

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18
Q

what project is useful for understandin prospective dilemmas for urban security agendas in 21st century smart cities?

A

the policing european metropolises project

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19
Q

how many european city-regions were studied in policing european metrolpolises project

A

22

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20
Q

how many dispositions can be used to characterise rival urban security agendas

A

5

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21
Q

what are the 3 key aspects that distinguish the dispositions in policing european metrolpises project
O
O
P

A
  • orientations
  • objectives
  • popualtions
22
Q

what are orientations in criminological thought for classical and positive traditions?

A

orientate responses to crime around OFFENDERS or those deviating from social norms

23
Q

what does the victimiolgy movment privilege a focus on?

A

focus on victims and their vulnerability to victimisation

24
Q

what does the chciago school privielge responses oriented around?

A

environment or ecology

25
Q

what is a primary population of interest?

A

the entire population

26
Q

what are secondary populations of interest?

A

social groups at risk

27
Q

what are tertiary populations for populations of interest

A

actual victims and offenders known to authorities

28
Q

what does criminological thought draw a distinction between in populations

A

epidemiology and public health policy

29
Q

what are alternative objectives of policing agendas?

A
  • reducing crime
  • maintaining public order
  • providing various social services aimed at reducing political/ economic inequalities
30
Q

what is principal goal of criminal justice dispositions?

A

enforcement of criminal law through prosecution and sanctioning of offences

policy is limited to reaction to offences already committed = retrospective

30
Q

what is the principle goal of social justice dispositions?

A
  • using social and economic policies to address problems of social and political exclusion/inequalities that cause social conflicts and victimisation
  • by improving democratic scrutiny and overisght of officals and resdistributiing household wealth
30
Q

what 4 ignored insecurities threats posed by powerful state and commercial actors:

H
M
B
PA

A
  • precarious housing
  • labour markets
  • polluting businesses
  • corrupt public adminisation
30
Q

what is principla goal of restorative justice dispositions?

A
  • negotiation of reparations between offenders and victims and
  • diverting offenders from harmful criminal justice and penal processes
  • non-stage integration of offenders back into civil society
30
Q

what is involved in managing the risks of opportunities for crime and disorder?

A
  • anticipating risks by reducing situational opportunities for crime and
  • advising citizens to reduce their own risks
31
Q

what appeal do smart city innovations have for urban security agendas?

A
  • address dilemmas by providing new methods for crime prevention and management
  • highlight continued concerns with offline street crime and ignored insecurities by powerful state + commmercial actors
31
Q

what is involved in managing the risks of criminal careers?

A
  • early interventions with groups at risk of offending careers
  • desistance programs for prolific and priority offenders
31
Q

what 4 types of regimes speculated about in terms of urban security agendas

A
  • maintain
  • develop
  • reform
  • transform
32
Q

key characteristic of maintenance regimes?

A

maintaining the retrospective prosecution of offences on the facts, after the facts and beyond all resasonable doubt

DUE PROCESS

33
Q

What dilemma do maintenance regimes face?

A

-whether pre-emptive security measures can be adopted without undermining due process in liberal democratic rule of law

34
Q

what do developmental regimes focus on?

A

pre-emptive interventions aimed at better managing opportuntities for crime to occur or the onset of criminal careers

35
Q

what risk do developmental regimes run the risk of?

A

miscarriages of justice
unfair constraints on social conditions of civil liberties they aim to secure

36
Q

what is primary goal for reformist regimes?

A

reforming stigmatic shaming with more reintegrative shaming and direct mediation between offenders and victims

37
Q

what dilemma do refromist regimes encounter

A

risk of undermining public interest in policing offences agaisnt law and order of all citizens not just individual victims

38
Q

what do transformative regimes seek to achieve

A

reducing political and economic inequalities which are seen as root causes of crime and insecurity

39
Q

why are transformative regimes relatively rare

A
  • due to crises of rationality and
  • challenge of redistributing wealth in global economy as well as
  • flight of private capital
40
Q

what do strategic dilemmas of rival urban security agendas indicate?

A

why urban security regimes might fail

41
Q

how do dilemmas of rival concepts of justice and risk management help make sense of urban security futures
what do they highlight is the ongoing issue within all dispositions/ agendas

A

highlight possiblity that authorities may continue to IGNORE/ FAIL TO ADDRESS major threats to citizens secutiry due to preoccupation with VOLUME STREET CRIME AND USUAL SUSPECTS

42
Q

what are the crises of rationality in transformative regimes

A
  • sheer magnitude of governing programmes envisaged
  • problems of collective action
  • flight of corporate and other tax payers to lower tax city regions
43
Q

what do reformit regimes undermine in public policing?

as a result of conflict resolution reduced from…

A

undermine collective symbolic power of public policing
as conflict resolution is reduced from issues of public interest to private troubles

44
Q

metropolitian policing has beocme increasingly stymied/ ungovernable as a consequence of what

A

the contradictions encountered by each regime

45
Q
A

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

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