8.1 urban security agendas Flashcards
how can policy agendas be understood for authorities governing problems of crime and security
justice and risk management
what are 4 ways of thinking about crime and security in cities according to govermentalities?
-criminal justice
- restorative justice
- social justice
- risk management
what reading is referenced in lectrure regarding concepts of justice and risk management?
edwards and hughes 2012
what theory from 1960s is linked to provenance (origin) of thinking about crime?
new deviancy theory
who is key figure in new deviancy theory
david matza
what is david matzas main argument in his text becoming deviant for what public authorities do in creating problems of crime and delinquency
public authorities of the state in part create problems of crime and delinqeuncy through
- CHOICES about what to criminalise and how to control criminalisaed behaviour
according to matza how do people become deviant?
as a consequence of how their behvaiour is labelled and cenusred by authorities
how does positivist criminology view crime?
as an objective social fact, divorced from the state and its processes of criminalisation and censure
what does matza argue i s necessary to understand crime
workings and theory of state
understanding the POLITICS of justice and risk that produce criminalisation and securiyt
why are securities ignored by authorities
- narrow criminal justice
- risk management agendas
how are urbna security futures shaped?
by politics of justice and security
- how well authorities adapt to challenegs of urbanisation
how has political analysis evolved since mazta
expanded to…
moving beyond…
- expanded to include subtle characterisations of political actors involved
- moving beyond reductive concepts of the state to notions of governance involving mutlple actors
what is multi-centred governance?
a process in which mutliple political actors COMPETE to steer the exercise of political authority in a particualr direction
what are 4 policy agendas of advancing ways of thinkong and justifyin urban security in terms of…
- criminal jsutice
-restorative justice - social justice
- risk management
how can dispositions political actors coalesce around be distinguished?
by rules of meaning and membershop for belonging to policy agenda
what do dispositions in urban security broaden the curriculum beyond crime to other threats
criminal justice to restorative justice and social jusitce and risk mangement
what does mazta principla legacy broaden the horizons of criminoligy to place what analysis at the centre
politics and political analysis
what project is useful for understandin prospective dilemmas for urban security agendas in 21st century smart cities?
the policing european metropolises project
how many european city-regions were studied in policing european metrolpolises project
22
how many dispositions can be used to characterise rival urban security agendas
5
what are the 3 key aspects that distinguish the dispositions in policing european metrolpises project
O
O
P
- orientations
- objectives
- popualtions
what are orientations in criminological thought for classical and positive traditions?
orientate responses to crime around OFFENDERS or those deviating from social norms
what does the victimiolgy movment privilege a focus on?
focus on victims and their vulnerability to victimisation
what does the chciago school privielge responses oriented around?
environment or ecology
what is a primary population of interest?
the entire population
what are secondary populations of interest?
social groups at risk
what are tertiary populations for populations of interest
actual victims and offenders known to authorities
what does criminological thought draw a distinction between in populations
epidemiology and public health policy
what are alternative objectives of policing agendas?
- reducing crime
- maintaining public order
- providing various social services aimed at reducing political/ economic inequalities
what is principal goal of criminal justice dispositions?
enforcement of criminal law through prosecution and sanctioning of offences
policy is limited to reaction to offences already committed = retrospective
what is the principle goal of social justice dispositions?
- using social and economic policies to address problems of social and political exclusion/inequalities that cause social conflicts and victimisation
- by improving democratic scrutiny and overisght of officals and resdistributiing household wealth
what 4 ignored insecurities threats posed by powerful state and commercial actors:
H
M
B
PA
- precarious housing
- labour markets
- polluting businesses
- corrupt public adminisation
what is principla goal of restorative justice dispositions?
- negotiation of reparations between offenders and victims and
- diverting offenders from harmful criminal justice and penal processes
- non-stage integration of offenders back into civil society
what is involved in managing the risks of opportunities for crime and disorder?
- anticipating risks by reducing situational opportunities for crime and
- advising citizens to reduce their own risks
what appeal do smart city innovations have for urban security agendas?
- address dilemmas by providing new methods for crime prevention and management
- highlight continued concerns with offline street crime and ignored insecurities by powerful state + commmercial actors
what is involved in managing the risks of criminal careers?
- early interventions with groups at risk of offending careers
- desistance programs for prolific and priority offenders
what 4 types of regimes speculated about in terms of urban security agendas
- maintain
- develop
- reform
- transform
key characteristic of maintenance regimes?
maintaining the retrospective prosecution of offences on the facts, after the facts and beyond all resasonable doubt
DUE PROCESS
What dilemma do maintenance regimes face?
-whether pre-emptive security measures can be adopted without undermining due process in liberal democratic rule of law
what do developmental regimes focus on?
pre-emptive interventions aimed at better managing opportuntities for crime to occur or the onset of criminal careers
what risk do developmental regimes run the risk of?
miscarriages of justice
unfair constraints on social conditions of civil liberties they aim to secure
what is primary goal for reformist regimes?
reforming stigmatic shaming with more reintegrative shaming and direct mediation between offenders and victims
what dilemma do refromist regimes encounter
risk of undermining public interest in policing offences agaisnt law and order of all citizens not just individual victims
what do transformative regimes seek to achieve
reducing political and economic inequalities which are seen as root causes of crime and insecurity
why are transformative regimes relatively rare
- due to crises of rationality and
- challenge of redistributing wealth in global economy as well as
- flight of private capital
what do strategic dilemmas of rival urban security agendas indicate?
why urban security regimes might fail
how do dilemmas of rival concepts of justice and risk management help make sense of urban security futures
what do they highlight is the ongoing issue within all dispositions/ agendas
highlight possiblity that authorities may continue to IGNORE/ FAIL TO ADDRESS major threats to citizens secutiry due to preoccupation with VOLUME STREET CRIME AND USUAL SUSPECTS
what are the crises of rationality in transformative regimes
- sheer magnitude of governing programmes envisaged
- problems of collective action
- flight of corporate and other tax payers to lower tax city regions
what do reformit regimes undermine in public policing?
as a result of conflict resolution reduced from…
undermine collective symbolic power of public policing
as conflict resolution is reduced from issues of public interest to private troubles
metropolitian policing has beocme increasingly stymied/ ungovernable as a consequence of what
the contradictions encountered by each regime
