1.1 constructions of crime, security and justice in the city Flashcards
what % do cities consume of the worlds resources
80%
what % do cities consume of the worlds land
2%
people are moving to urban areas at a rate of what per week?
this will result in what % of of the global population will live in urban areas in 2050?
1.3 million per week moving to urban areas
70% living in urban areas in 2050
what is there an increasing pressure on in citys?
what is this already challenged by?
city resources and infrastructure
these are already challenged by capital needs
what is the growing urban population putting tremendous strain on for public officals
- existing municipal infrastructure
- requiring public officials to achieve more with less
how can the required increase in city efficiency and cost reductions be achieved in modern day
smart city solutions
what must cities leaders do to invest in the best smart cities solutions?
- leverage their resources
- reduce their risk for such investments
- implement new solutions with experienced professionals to avoid potential risks
what did the impact of the FIRST industrial revolution have on cities?
caused huge migration of populations from countryside to residence, work and leisure in cities
what did the impact of the FOURTH industrial revolution have for smart cities?
the related migration to greater online social relations in smart cities
What was the significance of processes of urbanisation good for explaining?
good for explaining criminalisation and social change
significance of urbanisation for criminalisation was brought into question by? during?
by mass migration to online work and leisure
during the 4th industrial revolution
what can online life do to offlinelife
that online life can DISENGAGE people from offline life altogether
examples of online life crime
- CYBERCRIME
- MOBILITY BETWEEN SOCIAL CONTEXTS
- GLOBAL CRIME or TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
- RURAL CRIMINOLOGY
can criminology be treated as synonymous with urbanisation?
no
but urbanisation cannot be discarded as a continued focus for criminological research
what insecurities may be harmful but are legal?
polluted environments
what insecurities are illegal but largely ignored?
corrupt public adminstration
what does shifting analytical focus beyond crime to urban security also acknowledge an increasing interest in?
positive security
what is positive security?
social reactions which are enabling and reassuring in their pastoral care of citizens and not simply repressive
what are examples of a corollary of this broadening of enquiry beyond crime to security to different concepts of justice?
beyond criminal justice to:
- restorative justice
- social justice
- risk management of social reactions to insecurities
what was signalled by the smart city movement
-increasing migration of everyday life online
- associated with 4th industrial revolution
- reflects an interest in technological solutions to challenges confronting cities
what is the ongoing argument about urban security solutions and what they generate
- efficacy of smart city solutions but
- whether these solutions generate new security threats
example of efficacy of smart city solutions?
using the internet of things to better monitor and regulate domestic use of scarce resources such as
- gas
-water
- electricity
example of a new security threat to smart city solutions?
vulnerability of internet enabled household utilities to ransomware attacks
what emphasised and accelerated online migration
covid 19 pandemic
what is the term used to refer to the scale of online migration?
the death of cities
what are youthful criminal collaborations referred to as
the gang
what are adult criminal collaborations referred to as
organised crime
3 associations with urban unrest
- incivilities
- riots
- the crowd
what is political violence
terrorism
where is unequal distribution of o+v across different urban environments
the neighbourhood
what is :
```-the association of violence
- substance misuse,
- especially alcohol,
-illicit sexual relations with nightlife of cities
the night time economy
street vice
what is arguably as harmful as conventional preoccupations of criminology such as volume street crime but is typically ignored as priority in research and public policy
urban governance insecurities such as:
unenforced health and safety in the workplace
what do ignored insecurities emphase the importance of in public policy ?
which justice?
SOCIAL justice, just as important as criminal justice
what 3 constructions were part of the territorial offline
- rookery
- zone in transition
- ecology of fear
what construction is part of the ether (online/ offline)
smart city
the rookery
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?
- st giles, london
- mid 19th century
- henry mayhew 1860
zone in transition
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?
- chicago
- early 20th century
- ernest burgess 1925
ecology of fear
-where was it?
- when was it?
- who established it?
- LA
-late 20th century - mike davis 1998
smart city
- when was it?
- who established it?
- early 21st century
- edwards and calaresu 2018
social reformer henry mayhew observations of the…
…dickensian misery in the slums of victorian london
frederick engels account of the…
…immiserated conditions of the working class in 19th century london and manchester
signal work of ernest burgess and chicago school
- chicago school of sociology
- ecology of early/mid 20th century chicago
- concentric zones
- criminogenic inner city zone in transition
territorial conception of security and mike davis was what type of vision
examples
dystopian visions of the ecology of fear in late 20th centruy LA
- gated residential communities
- quarrantined commuter corridors in commercial downtown districts
- drug/ vice free zones
- arrest young, primarily male, minority ethnic population in gulag rim
emergent smart city technologies produce citizens who are?
hyperconnected with others from other territories well beyond their own cities
how is cyber crime treated? bracketed off…
-bracketed off from territorial conceptions of social control
- treat it as diffused around the ETHER
cyber criminology needs to acknowldge the territorial implications of emergent technologies how?
- use of social media to provoke offline criminal collaborations
- fuel political protest and violence in riots
-terrorist incidents
