5.1 terminology, background and key queestion for space, place and crime in city

Question 1

what was a core focus of 20th century criminology

Answer 1

legal definiitons of crime and what factors cause individuals to offend

Question 2

since the 1970s there has been a growing focus on crimes as what?

Answer 2

as event that happened in space and time
(spatial and temporal dimensions of crime)

Question 3

what do ecological studies look at the imapct of?

Answer 3

social and physical environment on crime

Question 4

what is the definition of ecological approaches to crime

Answer 4

the study of spatial and temporal patterns of crime as shaped by forces of physical/ social environment

Question 5

bottoms 2007 proposes what term?
why

Answer 5

socio-spatial criminology

given the association of environmental criminology with green crimes/ harms

Question 6

what does place mean

Answer 6

a geographical location with specific boundaries to which SOCIAL MEANINGS are attached

Question 7

what does space mean

Answer 7

a more generic diffuse notion to which meanings are not attributed

Question 8

what type of methodolgoies have been used

Answer 8

1. offender-based approaches
2. offence-based approaches
3. neighbourhood studies

Question 9

what 3 elements of offender based approaches
- what type of mapping

Answer 9

• STATISTICAL MAPPING of offender residence patterns across cities
• identification of delinquent areas
• self report studies e.g. offenders choice of targets

Question 10

3 elements of offence based approaches
- what type of analysis

Answer 10

• SPATIAL analysis of victimisation risks and perceptions of safety
• local crime surverys, local analysis of police recorded crime data
• GIS mapping and hotspot analysis

Question 11

what 2 elements of neighbourhood studies

Answer 11

• intensive ETHNOGRAPHIC immersion in life-worlds of local places
• examination of victim and offender perspectives

Question 12

what is an example of how offender rates vary between different places?

Answer 12

zone in transition - shaw and mcckay

Question 13

morris 1957 found that in later uk studies offenders were found in where?

Answer 13

more concetrated in peripheral housing estates

Question 14

wikstrom 1991 said what happened to crime in different areas

Answer 14

spatial clustering of crime bewteen different areas

Question 15

sampson and raudenbush 1999 said variations in criem and disorder are associated with..

Answer 15

different physical, social and economic environments in particualr areas

Question 16

sherman/ farrall and pease said even with very high crime areas spatial distriubtion of offenders and victims is not random but…

Answer 16

but concentrated on particualr hotspot streets/ households

Question 17

brantingham and brantingham 1981 said offenders decision making about where to offender is not random but..

Answer 17

but shaped by social/ phsycial environment (opportunitis/ risks)

Question 18

wilson and kelling/ inness said incivilities and disorder and the response to these sends important what signals

Answer 18

important risk and control signals to residents and are associated with higher rates of serious crime