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crime, security and justice in the city > 8.3 security in hyperconnected smart city > Flashcards

8.3 security in hyperconnected smart city Flashcards

1
Q

what is a key issue with technologies of smart city

A

they generate security problems such as vulnerabiliites to ransomeware attacks on critical infrastructure

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2
Q

what is a sociotechnical arms race

A

a competition between those exploiting technological vulnerabilities and those working to secure urban environments

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3
Q

what does khannas 2016 text connectography visualise

A

the increasing urbanisation of the global population and economic power of certain megacities

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4
Q

london accounts for how much GDP in uk

A

half

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5
Q

tokyo-osaka region accounts for how much GDP in japan

A

4/5ths

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6
Q

what is the political consequence of the economic influence of global megacities

A

megacities have accumulated enormous political power enabling them to steer the economic policies of national govs in their favour

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7
Q

how might nationalists movements like brexit and maga be interpeted?

A

as populist reactions against the concentration of political and economic power among cosmpolitan megacities

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8
Q

what role do global cities play in global economy according to sassen 2000?

A

they act as COMMAND CENTRES in the global economy

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9
Q

what does khanna argue about the dominance of cities rather than nations?

A

cities rather than nations are most dominant and enduring social structures

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10
Q

how does the concept of connectography relate to global urbanisation

A

highlights the INTERCONNECTEDNESS and growing influence of global megacities in economic and political spheres

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11
Q

what does intensifiaction of communcations traffic in khannas connectography highlight?

A

increasing communcation BETWEEN not just within mega city regions

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12
Q

how are mega city regions like london and tokyo osaka characterised in terms of social network analysis

A

key nodes with high IN DEGREE and OUT DEGREE measures, central to global political-economic networks

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13
Q

what is the significance of high in degree and out degree measures in mega cities

A

indictates that these cities are principla recipients of incoming TRANSNATIONAL TRAFFIC and also project power outwards

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14
Q

how has hyperconnectivity afffected concepts of crime and insecurity in public policy and crimnological discourse

A

made concepts like transnational organsied crime and transnational terrorism more prominent

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15
Q

what fuels hyperconnectivity amongst citizens and businesses within and between city regions?

A

the WWW and disruptive digital technologies of 4th industrial revolution

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16
Q

what are smart cities in context of current commercial and public policy discourse on urban governance?
cities where emergent technologies create opportunties for

A
  • offending
  • victimisation
  • surveillance
  • control
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17
Q

how is hyperconnectivity often portrayed in terms of its impact on citizens and businsesses for empowering mobility and opportunities for:

A
  • self advancement
  • economic wealth
  • social progress
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18
Q

what potnetial benefits of hyperconnected cities are celebrated through their potential to help urban populations and authorities adapt to pressures on:

A
  • governance
  • housing
  • transport
  • security
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19
Q

what example of sociotechnical arms race is discussed in relation to smart cities

A

ongoing battle between organisers and preventers of crime and other threats to urban security

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20
Q

what do edwards and calaresu argue about the concept of the smart city

A
  • it is PRIVILEGED in commercial attempts to PROMOTE technological solutions to urban governance problems
  • with NEGLIGIBLE REFLEXIVITY about potnetial vulnerabilities these solutions might create
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21
Q

what might be reason for limited consideration of security implications in offical and commercial narratives of smart cities?

A

potnetial coincidence of interests bewteen tech companies and munciapl adminsistrations

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22
Q

what do other contributions to special issue of city, territory and architecture explore?

A

explore secuirity issues raised by smart cities throuhg case studies of POSITIVE SECURITY in EINDHOVEN and emergent technlogies on drug trade

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23
Q

what is an example of a case study disucssed in speical about issue about smart cities

A

POSITIVE SECURITY in dutch city of EINDHOVEN

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24
Q

what illict market is mentioned as being impacted by emeregnt technologies in smart cities

A

the drug trade

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25
Q

examples of critical infrastructre

A
  • wanna cry ransomware attack
  • dallas city ransomware attack
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26
Q

what date was wanna cry ransom ware attack

A

may 2017

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27
Q

what date was dallas city ransomware attack

A

may 2023

28
Q

3 examples of property and personal crime

A
  • hacking of smart homes through IOT
  • smart devices and doemstic abuse
  • youtube gang rivarly scoreboard
29
Q

illict drug markets can be understood as what?

A

socio technical arms races

30
Q

what is the sociotechnical arms race for illict drug markets

A
  • human relations and technological innovations are used by organisers and preventors of serious crimes to outwit one another
31
Q

what remains a moot point for how smart technology could respond to organisation of more serious crimes such as trade in class A narcotics

A

enhanced PASTORAL CARE and POSITIVE SECURITY

32
Q

what groundbreakin ethnographic study is significant in undertsanding impact of emergent technplogies on illicit drug trade

A

mark berrys 2018 ethnographic study

33
Q

what does mark berrys work emphasise about smart cities

A

smart cities are SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS which shape and are shaped by human relations in often unpredictable ways

34
Q

how are illict drug markets shaped in smart cities

A

interaction of online and offline communciatons

35
Q

what are burners in context of illict drug trade

A

disposable mobile phones used to extend supply of illict drugs while insulating adult organsiers from law enforcement

36
Q

what strategy do drug taffickers use to insulate themselves from wire taps

A

untraceable burners and groom adolescents to transport drugs

37
Q

what term described the strategy of extending drug supply lines from urban areas to provincial towns and villages

A

county lines

38
Q

how do adult organisers of illicit drug trade use adolescents in the trade

A

by grooming and enslaving them to transport drugs to reduce the risk of being caught themelves

39
Q

how are online forums on the dark net used in illict drug trade

A

to arrange drug suppliers delivered through postal and courier services

40
Q

what did berrys ethnographic interviews reveal about use of online communcations in distraction crimes

A

criminals use fake or dummy job discussions online to distract law enforcement from other offences

41
Q

what is the concept of sociotechnical arms race in context of serious crimes

A

ongoing battle between organisers of crimes and those preventing them fueled by technlogical innovations

42
Q

what concept does mike davis discuss in his 1998 work

A

ecology of fear

43
Q

what type of strategies does schuilenburg and peeters 2018 characterise innovation in duthc cities like eindenhoven as

A

positive security strategies as a form of pastoral power

44
Q

what is the goal of the de-escalate project in eindhoven NTE district

A

to cultivate pro-social convival behaviour

RATHER than ant-social and antagnositic conduct

45
Q

what techniques are used in the de-escalate project to alter mood and behaviour in public spaces

A

manipulating lighting, piped music and other aspects of environment

46
Q

how do schueilenburg and peeters describe the de-escalation project approach to urban security

A

it is PASTORAL - seeking to secuiritise public spaces through behavioural manipulation and inclusion

RATHER than surveillance and exclusion

47
Q

what does concept of pastoral power aim to achieve in the context of urban secuiryt

A

to manage mood and behaviour in public spaces to make them pleasant for all rather than exclude people

48
Q

how does smart city architecture contribute to de-escalte project

A

by using light, smell, sound design to manage mood and behaviour in public areas

49
Q

what criticms might advocates of social justice have towards positive security strategies like the de-escalate project

A
  • could be seeen as form of REPRESSIVE tolerance
50
Q

pastoral power works to manage what risks of crime

A

situational risks of crime

51
Q

what is the central idea regarding disruptive digital technologies in smart cities?

A

emergent technologies are disruptive as they render existing ways of doing things REDUNDANT, impacting established justice and risk management responses to urban crime and insecurity

52
Q

how have emergent technologies disrupted licit enterprises

A

by rendering business models of traditional enterprises, like high street record shops, obsolete through the shift to online purchases and streaming services

53
Q

how has illict drugs trade been transformed by emergent technologies according to berry?

A

mobile internet has facilitated the ease with which criminal justice responses can be distracted and circumvented

54
Q

what is a historic example of technology developed for security being used for illict advantage

A

use of wire-tapping by criminal enterprises for counter-surveillance of law enforcement

55
Q

what are 3 emergent technologies discussed in edwards (2016) thought experiment on security futures (by mckinsey and company 2013)

A
3D
A

A
  • automation of knowledge work
  • 3d printing
  • autonomous vehicles
56
Q

how does automation of knowledge work impact security

A

it enhances the indication and possible prediction of tension and civil unrest, but also raises concerns about authoritarian targeting of legitimate demonstrations

57
Q

what is significant concern regarding 3d printing and urban security

A

potential production of firearms and ammunition, though the greater threat is likely in counterfeit goods and highquality fake luxury items

58
Q

how are autononmous vehciles used in law enforcement

A

unmanned airborne vehicles or drones are used for unmanned surveillance and crime prevention, espeically in high risk environments

59
Q

what challenge do emergent technologies pose to conventional justice and risk management

A

they distribute the power to govern security across mutliple centers of governance, beyond traditional state control

60
Q

what must urban security strateges do in response to the sociotechnical arms race

A

must adapt to acknowledge the limits placed on conventional criminal law enforcement by hyperconnected cities

61
Q

what is an example of protestors circumventing surveillant algorithims

A

posting screen captures of social media messages instead of actual text to avoid detection by algorithims used by repressive regimes

62
Q

how might the weaponisation of drones impact urban security

A

it could enhance political violence and pose new threats such as post-suicide bombing attacks on cities

63
Q

how do tech savvy criminal enterprises challenge state and commercial security actors

A

by using emergent technologies to distribute power and outpace conventional law enforcement stratgies

64
Q

what ethical concern arises from the deployment of smart security technologies

A

the potential for these technologies to be used in ways that suppress legitimate political protests and civil liberties

65
Q
A

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

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