8.3 security in hyperconnected smart city Flashcards
what is a key issue with technologies of smart city
they generate security problems such as vulnerabiliites to ransomeware attacks on critical infrastructure
what is a sociotechnical arms race
a competition between those exploiting technological vulnerabilities and those working to secure urban environments
what does khannas 2016 text connectography visualise
the increasing urbanisation of the global population and economic power of certain megacities
london accounts for how much GDP in uk
half
tokyo-osaka region accounts for how much GDP in japan
4/5ths
what is the political consequence of the economic influence of global megacities
megacities have accumulated enormous political power enabling them to steer the economic policies of national govs in their favour
how might nationalists movements like brexit and maga be interpeted?
as populist reactions against the concentration of political and economic power among cosmpolitan megacities
what role do global cities play in global economy according to sassen 2000?
they act as COMMAND CENTRES in the global economy
what does khanna argue about the dominance of cities rather than nations?
cities rather than nations are most dominant and enduring social structures
how does the concept of connectography relate to global urbanisation
highlights the INTERCONNECTEDNESS and growing influence of global megacities in economic and political spheres
what does intensifiaction of communcations traffic in khannas connectography highlight?
increasing communcation BETWEEN not just within mega city regions
how are mega city regions like london and tokyo osaka characterised in terms of social network analysis
key nodes with high IN DEGREE and OUT DEGREE measures, central to global political-economic networks
what is the significance of high in degree and out degree measures in mega cities
indictates that these cities are principla recipients of incoming TRANSNATIONAL TRAFFIC and also project power outwards
how has hyperconnectivity afffected concepts of crime and insecurity in public policy and crimnological discourse
made concepts like transnational organsied crime and transnational terrorism more prominent
what fuels hyperconnectivity amongst citizens and businesses within and between city regions?
the WWW and disruptive digital technologies of 4th industrial revolution
what are smart cities in context of current commercial and public policy discourse on urban governance?
cities where emergent technologies create opportunties for
- offending
- victimisation
- surveillance
- control
how is hyperconnectivity often portrayed in terms of its impact on citizens and businsesses for empowering mobility and opportunities for:
- self advancement
- economic wealth
- social progress
what potnetial benefits of hyperconnected cities are celebrated through their potential to help urban populations and authorities adapt to pressures on:
- governance
- housing
- transport
- security
what example of sociotechnical arms race is discussed in relation to smart cities
ongoing battle between organisers and preventers of crime and other threats to urban security
what do edwards and calaresu argue about the concept of the smart city
- it is PRIVILEGED in commercial attempts to PROMOTE technological solutions to urban governance problems
- with NEGLIGIBLE REFLEXIVITY about potnetial vulnerabilities these solutions might create
what might be reason for limited consideration of security implications in offical and commercial narratives of smart cities?
potnetial coincidence of interests bewteen tech companies and munciapl adminsistrations
what do other contributions to special issue of city, territory and architecture explore?
explore secuirity issues raised by smart cities throuhg case studies of POSITIVE SECURITY in EINDHOVEN and emergent technlogies on drug trade
what is an example of a case study disucssed in speical about issue about smart cities
POSITIVE SECURITY in dutch city of EINDHOVEN
what illict market is mentioned as being impacted by emeregnt technologies in smart cities
the drug trade
examples of critical infrastructre
- wanna cry ransomware attack
- dallas city ransomware attack
what date was wanna cry ransom ware attack
may 2017
what date was dallas city ransomware attack
may 2023
3 examples of property and personal crime
- hacking of smart homes through IOT
- smart devices and doemstic abuse
- youtube gang rivarly scoreboard
illict drug markets can be understood as what?
socio technical arms races
what is the sociotechnical arms race for illict drug markets
- human relations and technological innovations are used by organisers and preventors of serious crimes to outwit one another
what remains a moot point for how smart technology could respond to organisation of more serious crimes such as trade in class A narcotics
enhanced PASTORAL CARE and POSITIVE SECURITY
what groundbreakin ethnographic study is significant in undertsanding impact of emergent technplogies on illicit drug trade
mark berrys 2018 ethnographic study
what does mark berrys work emphasise about smart cities
smart cities are SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS which shape and are shaped by human relations in often unpredictable ways
how are illict drug markets shaped in smart cities
interaction of online and offline communciatons
what are burners in context of illict drug trade
disposable mobile phones used to extend supply of illict drugs while insulating adult organsiers from law enforcement
what strategy do drug taffickers use to insulate themselves from wire taps
untraceable burners and groom adolescents to transport drugs
what term described the strategy of extending drug supply lines from urban areas to provincial towns and villages
county lines
how do adult organisers of illicit drug trade use adolescents in the trade
by grooming and enslaving them to transport drugs to reduce the risk of being caught themelves
how are online forums on the dark net used in illict drug trade
to arrange drug suppliers delivered through postal and courier services
what did berrys ethnographic interviews reveal about use of online communcations in distraction crimes
criminals use fake or dummy job discussions online to distract law enforcement from other offences
what is the concept of sociotechnical arms race in context of serious crimes
ongoing battle between organisers of crimes and those preventing them fueled by technlogical innovations
what concept does mike davis discuss in his 1998 work
ecology of fear
what type of strategies does schuilenburg and peeters 2018 characterise innovation in duthc cities like eindenhoven as
positive security strategies as a form of pastoral power
what is the goal of the de-escalate project in eindhoven NTE district
to cultivate pro-social convival behaviour
RATHER than ant-social and antagnositic conduct
what techniques are used in the de-escalate project to alter mood and behaviour in public spaces
manipulating lighting, piped music and other aspects of environment
how do schueilenburg and peeters describe the de-escalation project approach to urban security
it is PASTORAL - seeking to secuiritise public spaces through behavioural manipulation and inclusion
RATHER than surveillance and exclusion
what does concept of pastoral power aim to achieve in the context of urban secuiryt
to manage mood and behaviour in public spaces to make them pleasant for all rather than exclude people
how does smart city architecture contribute to de-escalte project
by using light, smell, sound design to manage mood and behaviour in public areas
what criticms might advocates of social justice have towards positive security strategies like the de-escalate project
- could be seeen as form of REPRESSIVE tolerance
pastoral power works to manage what risks of crime
situational risks of crime
what is the central idea regarding disruptive digital technologies in smart cities?
emergent technologies are disruptive as they render existing ways of doing things REDUNDANT, impacting established justice and risk management responses to urban crime and insecurity
how have emergent technologies disrupted licit enterprises
by rendering business models of traditional enterprises, like high street record shops, obsolete through the shift to online purchases and streaming services
how has illict drugs trade been transformed by emergent technologies according to berry?
mobile internet has facilitated the ease with which criminal justice responses can be distracted and circumvented
what is a historic example of technology developed for security being used for illict advantage
use of wire-tapping by criminal enterprises for counter-surveillance of law enforcement
what are 3 emergent technologies discussed in edwards (2016) thought experiment on security futures (by mckinsey and company 2013)
A
3D
A
- automation of knowledge work
- 3d printing
- autonomous vehicles
how does automation of knowledge work impact security
it enhances the indication and possible prediction of tension and civil unrest, but also raises concerns about authoritarian targeting of legitimate demonstrations
what is significant concern regarding 3d printing and urban security
potential production of firearms and ammunition, though the greater threat is likely in counterfeit goods and highquality fake luxury items
how are autononmous vehciles used in law enforcement
unmanned airborne vehicles or drones are used for unmanned surveillance and crime prevention, espeically in high risk environments
what challenge do emergent technologies pose to conventional justice and risk management
they distribute the power to govern security across mutliple centers of governance, beyond traditional state control
what must urban security strateges do in response to the sociotechnical arms race
must adapt to acknowledge the limits placed on conventional criminal law enforcement by hyperconnected cities
what is an example of protestors circumventing surveillant algorithims
posting screen captures of social media messages instead of actual text to avoid detection by algorithims used by repressive regimes
how might the weaponisation of drones impact urban security
it could enhance political violence and pose new threats such as post-suicide bombing attacks on cities
how do tech savvy criminal enterprises challenge state and commercial security actors
by using emergent technologies to distribute power and outpace conventional law enforcement stratgies
what ethical concern arises from the deployment of smart security technologies
the potential for these technologies to be used in ways that suppress legitimate political protests and civil liberties
