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crime, security and justice in the city > 5.2 key theoretical explanations for spatial variations crimes and disorder > Flashcards

5.2 key theoretical explanations for spatial variations crimes and disorder Flashcards

1
Q

who came up with social disorganisation theory

A

shaw and mcckay 1942

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2
Q

social disorganization states statistical concentration of young offenders in

A
  • statistical concetration of young offenders in ZONE IN TRANSITION
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3
Q

what are 3 key elements of social disorgansiation theory

A
  • low socio-econpmic status neighbourhoods
  • high resident turnover
  • ethnic and cultural heterogenity
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4
Q

in social disorgansiation theory - a weak civic institution is because of

A

no common value system

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5
Q

in social disorgansiation theory - lack of participation and social trust creates

A

low social controls

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6
Q

social disorgansiation theory - why are young poeple congregating and socialising in public spaces

A
  • lack of parental surveillance
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7
Q

in social disorganisation theory the environemnt encourages flourishing of what?
why?

A

flourishing of criminal subcultures
- young people not socialised into conformist values and exposed to deviant norms

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8
Q

what are key criticsms of social disorganisation theory

A

-focus on official definitions of crime and usual supsects
- self fulliing prophecies due to bias of police and courts
- over-deterministic
- some high crime areas have strong social ties and evidence of organsiation

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9
Q

whos theory is collective effiacy

A

robert sampson

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10
Q

what process is collective effiacy

A

the process of activating or converting social ties among neighbourhood residents in order to achieve collective goals such as public order or control of crime

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11
Q

in collective efficacy strong social networks/ ties are insufficent for social control instead the residents must be..

A

residents must be willing to intervene

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12
Q

collective efficacy is fostered by conditions of what between residents

A

social cohesion and trust

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13
Q

in collective efficacy what happens before escale and cooperate with police

A

use of public space and intervene in incidents + solve disputes/ crises before escalate to police

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14
Q

communities with higher measured rates of collective efficacy have what

A

lower rates of violence

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15
Q

whos theory is routine activty theory

A

cohen and felson 1979

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16
Q

what 2 theories make up routine activities theory

A

rational choice and opportunity theory

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17
Q

what do offenders do routine activities theory

A

weigh up risks, efforts and likely rewards

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18
Q

in routine activities theory what shapes OPPORTUNITIES for offending

A

social and economic environments

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19
Q

what does routine activities challenge thinking about crime

A

challenged thinking about crime as a pathology related to social ills/ problems

20
Q

what does routine activities actual mean we do
and what does it do to crime rates

A

the daily activities we take to maintain ourselves
changes in routine activities over time are associated with changes in crime rates

21
Q

what 3 elements are needed for a crime to occur in routine activities theory

A
  • motivated offender
  • suitable target
  • lack of a capable guardian
22
Q

what variations in crime rates are explained by rythm of daily activities for routine activities

A

spatial and temporal variations

23
Q

whos theory is crime pattern theory

A

brantingham and brantinham 1981

24
Q

what is crime pattern theory about

A

how does the social/ physical environment shape OFFENDER-DECISION MAKING- environmental cues

25
Q

in crime pattern theory where do offenders prefer to operate in

A
  • get to know spaces through daily routines
  • prefer to operate in familiar contexts
26
Q

in crime pattern theory crimes are most likely in places where criminal opps arise in..

A

cognitively known areas

27
Q

whos theory is broken window theory

A

wilson and kelling 1982

28
Q

what 3 things are key for broken windows theory

A
  1. link between disorder/ incivilities and crime
  2. spirals of decline
  3. order maintenance policing
29
Q

in broken windows theory what are the links between disorder/ incivilities and crime
erosion of..
law abiding…
graduation from…

A
  • erosion of informal community controls
  • law abiding people avoid public spaces
  • graduation from incivilities to serious crime
30
Q

in broken windows theory what does spirals of decline mean

A

communities reach TIPPING POINTS after which disorder and crime accelerate and feed off each other

31
Q

in broken windows theory what is order maintenance policing

A

vigorous police action against incivilities

32
Q

in broken windows theory correlation does not prove what

A

correlation does not prove causation

33
Q

in broken windows theory neighbourhood disorders and more serious crimes are both caused by….

A

both caused by deeper structural and social factors in communities

34
Q

in broken windows theory social disorder may do what to contribute to higher rates of serious crime

A

INDIRECTLY CONTRIBUTE

35
Q

whos theory is signal crime theory

A

innes 2004

36
Q

what is signal crime theory about
- what gap
- correlation?

A
  • the reassurance gap
  • fear of crime significantly correlated with visible signs of disorder in local neighbourhoods
37
Q

in signal crime theory what is crucial to the wider symbolic construction of social space

A
  • public perceptions of crime/ disorder
38
Q

in signal crime theory particualr incidents of disorder transmit what?

A

signals that shape peoples risk perceptions
e.g. litter, graffiti, vandalism etc

39
Q

in signal crime theory what powerful message is sent to residents

A

that the local area is out of control

40
Q

in signal crime theory where are physcial/ social signs of disorder concentrated in

A

poorer areas

41
Q

what is the challenge of life course theories

A

disentangling neighbourhood and individual factors

42
Q

developmental life course theories highlight individual risk factors in earlier life associated with offending in later life such as

A
  • low intelligence
  • ineffective parenting
  • lack of self-control
  • low educational motivation
43
Q

what do criminal careers of persistent offenders show

A

that deviance starts early before wider community/ neighbourhood factors kick in

44
Q

how do individual and neighbourhood effects vary in life course theories

A

whether people are in higher or lower risk groups

45
Q

which groups have clearer neighbourhood effects

A

lower and medium risk groups

46
Q

bottoms 2007 points out that many of individual factors are themselves likely to be significnalty shaped by..

A

nieghbourhood or community context within which young people are raised

47
Q
A

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

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