Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

crime, security and justice in the city > 1.3 the ecology of fear and the smart city > Flashcards

1.3 the ecology of fear and the smart city Flashcards

1
Q

who came up with the concept of ecology of fear

A

mike davis - radical urban geographer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does the ecology of fear replace the pessimistic exclusionary social reaction to problems of crime in 1980/90s

A

with more optimistic and inclusive visions of urban growth and progress articulated by chicago school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of possible solutions to problems of using emergent technlogies by smart cities

A
  • social media
  • drone surveillance
  • advanced computing
  • AI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what stage is criminological work for smart cities in

A

early stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do smart cities seek to qualify the unbridled enthusiams and self promotion of what?

A

THINK TANKS and COMMERCIAL TECH FIRMS for technological solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does early criminoloical work on smart city draw upon the longstanding idea of what systems ?

A

SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are sociotechnical systems (technology) understood as a product of?

A

-technology is understood as a PRODUCT OF HUMAN RELATIONS that RESHAPES these human relations in UNPREDICTABLE ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are sociotechnical systems often used?
what race?

A

they are often used BACK AGAINST OFFICIALS by more IMAGINATIVE OFFENDERS in ARMS RACE between organisers and preventers of serious crimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

example of arms race between organisers and preventers of serious crime

A

wire tapping counter surveillance technologies by crim organisations to listen into police communcations and subvert law enforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

example of new opportunities of the smart city for crime

A

fraud, extortion, protection rackets using ransomware to hack into
- online bank accounts
- internet enabled household energy
- security system s

cyber attacks on critical infrasturtcue by hostile powers as well as crim enterprises e.g. wanna cry ransomware attack on NHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what caused the demise of the american dream?

A
  • crisis of urban progress
  • new spatial struggles
  • new patterns of conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when was the demise of the american dream and reemergence of dangerous city

A

1960-70s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what caused a crisis of urban progress in america?

A
  • riots in mid 1960s in inner city neighbourhoods
  • reemergence of concern about danger of urban populations for social order
  • reignition of urban unrest
  • increasing trends in officially recorded volume crime
  • deteroriation between BAME and the white police
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what where were BAME populations in 1960s not beneffiting from?

where did they remain?

A
  • not benefiting from upward mobility and outward migration predicted by chicago school ecology
  • remained in low income, increasingly casualised employment
  • kept them in cheaper but more congested and blighted accomodation in inner city
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what were the zones in transition for BAME labelled instead

A

ZONES OF STAGNATION
- stalled personal and collective progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what was the problem with high rise flats that replaced slum housing

A
  • poor quality of construction
  • vulnerable to damp and decay
  • removed the DEFENSIBLE SPACE
  • replaced with poorly lit passageways ideally designed for robbery and assault
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is defensible space

A
  • opportunities for surveillance and informal social controls afforded by low rise terraced housing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how was sense of stagnation accentuated in 1980s?
what happened?

A

gentrification trend
- young upwardly mobile professionals tired of commuting into offices, choosing to move back into and upgrade housing in inner cities
- caused inflation for children of low income households

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are young upwardly mobile predominantly white and college educated professionals nicknamed

A

YUPPIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what did low income households with wealthy neighbours which leisure centres began to cater for their more expensive tastes ignoring the lower income households feel

A

relative deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what did the struggle for ownership and use of space in inner city neighbourhoods provide the ideal conditions for?

A

the CRIME WAVE in personal and property offences
- reigniting fears about inner city as dangerous place to live and work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happened to the crisis of urban progress because of a population stuck in limited opps for employment/ educatinal avancement?

A

became RACIALISED because of BAME populatins

23
Q

what was mugging associated with?

A
  • folk devil offenders such as young black male offenders assaulting middle aged white female victims
24
Q

what caused a deterioration in police community relations in inner city neighbourhoods

A

stop and search powers to target young black male residents on suspicion of involvement in robbery

25
Q

endless pressure by ken pryce for bristol st pauls caused what deterioration and resentment

A

resentment at the perceived injustice of targeting stop and search at young black males
- relieved by episodic bouts of COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE or RESISTANCE against the police

26
Q

what was david 1998 catastrophic account of late 20th century LA

A
  • fortress mentality
  • quarantined commuting
  • demise of civic policing
  • gulag rim
27
Q

what was bannister and flint 2017 paradox

A
  • increasing fear but decreasing crime and unrest in north america and europe
28
Q

what was davis ecology of fear based on?

A
  • north american cities e.g. LA, site of ethnogaphic work had become dominated by pervasive fear of unrest and criminal predation
  • crime and insecurity ceased to be a deviation from the norm of urban growth
  • inclusive progress envisaged by chicago school becoming new normality and logic of urban governance
29
Q

what thesis was ecology of fear akin to?
how?

A

garlands thesis on culture of control in late modern societies
- high crime rates considered a normal social fact
- accompanied by pessimism over prospects for reducing crime and urban unrest through penal welfarism
- this fear and pessimism provided conditions in which votes for greater punishment of offenders
- better management of risks of victimisation

move from penal welfarism to punitive control
investing in private security for affluent households

30
Q

what is a fortress mentality

A
  • disposition towards risk management fuelled fortress mentality
    security accomplished through various fortifications:
  • household security systems
  • gated residential estates
  • private security officers
31
Q

what is crucial about forificiation?

A

only avaliable to those who can afford private security

low income households left to their own devices to form neighbourhood watch schemes and vigilante actions beyond the fortress walls

32
Q

what has public policy beome oriented on in ecology of fear

A
  • protecting commuter routes from affluent suburbs through predatory inner city neighbourhoods to the workplace and leisure venues of commercial city core
33
Q

in davis language what do affluent citizens commute from their homes to work and leisure through?

A

through corridors that are quarantined by public police against criminal predation

QUARANTINED CORRIDORS

34
Q

offices, upmarket bistors, bars and shopping malls policed by public and private security in what zones of the commercial core?

A
  • drug free
  • prostitution abatement
  • homeless containment
35
Q

what is downside to quarrantined commuting for the affluent?

A

abandonment of public protection for lower income, BAME populations of inner city

36
Q

how are low income BAME inner city populations left to fend for themselves

A
  • neighbourhoods with lethal firearm related violence associated with TURF WARS over street drugs trade
37
Q

how does davis characterise residents in neighbourhoods like compton as

A

caught between the hammer and the rock

hammer = episodic, paramilitary, drug enforcement operations by LA police
rock = crack cocaine trade that escalated violence following its appearance

38
Q

what is the gulag rim? how was it brought around

A
  • due to eclipise of penal welfairsm in ecology of fear and prioritising crimianl jsutice and risk managemnt, the penal estate expands so young male BAME population moved from inner city to PRISONS on OUTSKIRTS of urban conurbations

reference to stalin + soviet untion
- authoritarian trajectory

39
Q

bannister and flint 2017 paradox

A
  • despite decreasing crime rates there is still an increasing fear of crime
40
Q

what is an important caveat (limitation) to the debate over crime drop?

A

that it has been preoccupied with trends in NATIONALLY AGGREGATED RECORDS OF CRIME

41
Q

what do bannister and flint argue as a possible explanation over paradox

A

SOCIAL SEGREGATION

42
Q

relating to a bannister and flints paradox explanton, how is social segration come about

A
  • LACK OF PROPINQUITY (proximal living and regular encounters)
  • because they live PARALLEL LIVES (moving in different soical and work circles immeersed in niche entertianment online and offline)
  • LIMITED INTERACTION WITH PEOPLE NOT LIKE THEMSELVES
43
Q

barrister and flint argue segregation causes an ignorance of what?

A

ignoreanc eof others who are likley to be regarded as uncivil due to possessing different values

it is this incivlty rather thana ctual crime that drives ecology of fear

44
Q

what is central to the 4th industirla revolution?

A
  • migration to online work, leisure and consumption of people
  • hyper connectivity with each other and others around the world,not just in particular localities
45
Q

how is online migration highly uneven

A
  • depends on the unequal access people have t reliable internet connections
46
Q

impact of read/write affordances of interactive web2.0 in 2000

A

made cyberspace a key site of criminological inquiry as cybercrime evolved from niche specialism into core field of research

47
Q

cyberspace caused what access?

A

ubiquitous access to online communications

48
Q

what was a challenge to preoccupaiton with offline crime in urban neighbourhoods?

A

greater recogntiion of COMMERCIAL SPACE

49
Q

how is chicago school ecological thesis for ignoring role of powerful commercial and state actors in criminality remain pertinent

A
  • the lethal branches of health and safety remaining ignored in policy agenda for urban security
  • as well as corruption in governance of cities
50
Q

what is there a growing interest in the policing of (williams et al 2013)

A

policing of cyber neighbourhoods

51
Q

what is cyber neighbourhoods?
where is it most evident?

A
  • concept that seeks to capture important interactions between online and offline o+v
  • most evident in role that social media can play in escalating violent feuds between gangs
  • organisation of serious crimes e.g. FLASH MOBBING
52
Q

what is flash mobbing?

A

OFFLINE ROBBERIES of upmarket venues or LOOTING during course of major incidents of urban unrest are COORDINATED THROUGH ENCRYPTED ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS

53
Q

what does concept of cyber neighbourhoods provoke arguments about limitations of?

A

limitations of retrospective criminal justice

PROVOKES ARGUMENTS ABOUT PRECAUTIONARY JUSTICE legitimising pre emptive policing of suspect populations e..g terrorists

54
Q
A

crime, security and justice in the city (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions