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The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

How many regions are there in the vertebral column?

A

5

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2
Q

What is the spine made up of?

A

33 bones called vertebrae

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3
Q

Name all five regions of the vertebral column and state how many bones are found in each named region

A 
Cervical [neck] - 5
Thoracic [chest] - 12
Lumbar [back] - 5
Sacrum [hip]- 5
Coccyx [coccyx] - 4
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4
Q

What are the intervertebral discs made of and what is their function?

A

Cartilage

Function - shock absorbers

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5
Q

Name the cells that break down bone

A

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Name the cells that build bone

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

Give two factors on which the continued renewal of bone depends

A

Age [growth plate ceases to function when become an adult limiting the growth of bones]
Diet [intake of calcium, vitamin D]
Exercise

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8
Q

What are the two systems that work together in the musculoskeletal system

A

Muscular and skeletal system

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9
Q

What are the muscles associated with the skeleton known as?

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A

Protection - of main organs -brain, vertebrae, heart and lungs
Manufacture of blood components - bone marrow makes red blood fells, white blood cells and platelets
Support - provides rigid framework that holds body upright

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11
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

A

213

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12
Q

What are the two divisions in the human skeleton known as?

A

Axil skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

What is meant by the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum [vertebral column and skull]

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14
Q

What is meant by the appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs [arms and legs], the pectoral [shoulder] girdle, and the pelvic [hip] girdle

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15
Q

What are the top 24 vertebrae held together by?

A

Ligaments

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16
Q

What are the vertebrae separated by?

A

Discs of carilage

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17
Q

How are the last nine vertebrae held together?

A

Fused together and there are no discs between them - no movement between vertebrae

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18
Q

Name a long bone in the human body?

A

Femur

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19
Q

Where are the discs in the human backbone?

A

Between the vertebrae

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20
Q

What does the ribcage consist of?

A

Sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

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21
Q

What are the top 7 ribs and what are they known as?

A

They are attached to the sternum at the front and are known as true ribs

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22
Q

What are the next 3 ribs and what are they known as?

A

Attached to eachother at front by cartilage - False ribs

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23
Q

What are the bottom two ribs and what are they known as?

A

Attached to spine and are known as floating ribs

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24
Q

Why are the arms and legs known as pentadactyl limbs?

A

Each limb ends with five digits [fingers/toes]

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25
What is the name given to arm? [limb]
Forelimb
26
What is the name given to leg? [limb]
Hindlimb
27
What are phalanges?
Individual bones of fingers and toes
28
How many phalanges im toes/fingers
Each has 3 except for thumb and big toe which has 2
29
Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
30
Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example
A pair of muscles with opposing actions / work opposite each other Biceps and triceps
31
Give a function of red marrow
Makes blood cells
32
Give a function of compact bone
Gives strength to bone | Flexibility
33
Give a function of spongy bone
Minimises weight of bone
34
Give function of yellow bone marrow
Stores fat
35
Give function of joint
Where two or more bones meet
36
Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Arthritis - exercises to maintain the mobility and strength | Anti inflammatory drugs
37
Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Arthritis
38
Give a possible cause of arthritis
Genetic | Injury
39
Give a function of synovial fluid
Reduces friction
40
Give a function of ligaments
Holds bones together
41
Give a function of synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
42
What is osteoarthritis
Most common type of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear [cartilage in synovial joins wearing down]
43
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Most Sever form and is caused genetically when body’s immune system turns on itself
44
Prevention of arthritis [osteoarthritis]
Reducing damage to joints | Avoid running on hard surfaces, using proper footwear when running
45
Limbs follow a general trend, what is it?
1, 2, 7/8, 5, 5
46
What is cartilage made of?
Collagen [fibrous protein]
47
How does collagen [cartilage] transport materials?
Depends on materials diffusing through to cell that form it
48
Why is cartilage slower to heal than bone?
Cartilage depends on materials diffusing to cell that forms it for transport whereas bones have a rich blood supply
49
What is the name given to the head of the long bone?
Epiphysis
50
What is the name given to the shaft of the long bone?
Diaphysis
51
What are the three types of joints?
Immoveable, Slightly moveable, Freely moveable [synovial joints]
52
What are immoveable joints and example
Bones held tightly together without cartilage Provide strength, support and protection Example - Skull
53
Give a joint that is slightly moveable and example
Allow a small amount of movement between bones Eg, the joints between vertebrae in the upper spinal column Have flexibility preventing damage to nerves of spine
54
Name two types of synovial joints
Hinge joint | Ball and socket joint
55
What is a hinge joint and give an example
Allows movement in one direction only | Example - Elbow and Knee
56
What is a ball and socket joint and give an example
Allows movement in all directions | Example - shoulder and hip
57
What are ligaments?
Connect bone to bone
58
What are the three types of muscle
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
59
What muscles are involuntary/voluntary?
Voluntary - skeletal, smooth | Involuntary - cardiac
60
What is a flexor and give an example
Muscle which brings bones closer together [closes the joint] | Example - biceps
61
What is an extensor?
Muscle will pulls two bones further away from each other | Example - triceps
62
What does muscular contraction require
ENERGY in the form of ATP, as it is an active process
63
What occurs when you pull the lower arm up?
Triceps are relaxed and biceps contacts
64
What occurs when straighten lower arm?
Triceps contracts and biceps relaxed

Biology (36 decks)

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