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Biology > The Skeleton And Muscles > Flashcards

The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many regions are there in the vertebral column?

A

5

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2
Q

What is the spine made up of?

A

33 bones called vertebrae

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3
Q

Name all five regions of the vertebral column and state how many bones are found in each named region

A 
Cervical [neck] - 5
Thoracic [chest] - 12
Lumbar [back] - 5
Sacrum [hip]- 5
Coccyx [coccyx] - 4
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4
Q

What are the intervertebral discs made of and what is their function?

A

Cartilage

Function - shock absorbers

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5
Q

Name the cells that break down bone

A

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

Name the cells that build bone

A

Osteoblasts

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7
Q

Give two factors on which the continued renewal of bone depends

A

Age [growth plate ceases to function when become an adult limiting the growth of bones]
Diet [intake of calcium, vitamin D]
Exercise

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8
Q

What are the two systems that work together in the musculoskeletal system

A

Muscular and skeletal system

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9
Q

What are the muscles associated with the skeleton known as?

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton

A

Protection - of main organs -brain, vertebrae, heart and lungs
Manufacture of blood components - bone marrow makes red blood fells, white blood cells and platelets
Support - provides rigid framework that holds body upright

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11
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

A

213

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12
Q

What are the two divisions in the human skeleton known as?

A

Axil skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

What is meant by the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum [vertebral column and skull]

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14
Q

What is meant by the appendicular skeleton

A

Limbs [arms and legs], the pectoral [shoulder] girdle, and the pelvic [hip] girdle

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15
Q

What are the top 24 vertebrae held together by?

A

Ligaments

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16
Q

What are the vertebrae separated by?

A

Discs of carilage

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17
Q

How are the last nine vertebrae held together?

A

Fused together and there are no discs between them - no movement between vertebrae

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18
Q

Name a long bone in the human body?

A

Femur

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19
Q

Where are the discs in the human backbone?

A

Between the vertebrae

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20
Q

What does the ribcage consist of?

A

Sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

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21
Q

What are the top 7 ribs and what are they known as?

A

They are attached to the sternum at the front and are known as true ribs

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22
Q

What are the next 3 ribs and what are they known as?

A

Attached to eachother at front by cartilage - False ribs

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23
Q

What are the bottom two ribs and what are they known as?

A

Attached to spine and are known as floating ribs

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24
Q

Why are the arms and legs known as pentadactyl limbs?

A

Each limb ends with five digits [fingers/toes]

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25
Q

What is the name given to arm? [limb]

A

Forelimb

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26
Q

What is the name given to leg? [limb]

A

Hindlimb

27
Q

What are phalanges?

A

Individual bones of fingers and toes

28
Q

How many phalanges im toes/fingers

A

Each has 3 except for thumb and big toe which has 2

29
Q

Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendon

30
Q

Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example

A

A pair of muscles with opposing actions / work opposite each other
Biceps and triceps

31
Q

Give a function of red marrow

A

Makes blood cells

32
Q

Give a function of compact bone

A

Gives strength to bone

Flexibility

33
Q

Give a function of spongy bone

A

Minimises weight of bone

34
Q

Give function of yellow bone marrow

A

Stores fat

35
Q

Give function of joint

A

Where two or more bones meet

36
Q

Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system

A

Arthritis - exercises to maintain the mobility and strength

Anti inflammatory drugs

37
Q

Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system

A

Arthritis

38
Q

Give a possible cause of arthritis

A

Genetic

Injury

39
Q

Give a function of synovial fluid

A

Reduces friction

40
Q

Give a function of ligaments

A

Holds bones together

41
Q

Give a function of synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid

42
Q

What is osteoarthritis

A

Most common type of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear [cartilage in synovial joins wearing down]

43
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A

Most Sever form and is caused genetically when body’s immune system turns on itself

44
Q

Prevention of arthritis [osteoarthritis]

A

Reducing damage to joints

Avoid running on hard surfaces, using proper footwear when running

45
Q

Limbs follow a general trend, what is it?

A

1, 2, 7/8, 5, 5

46
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Collagen [fibrous protein]

47
Q

How does collagen [cartilage] transport materials?

A

Depends on materials diffusing through to cell that form it

48
Q

Why is cartilage slower to heal than bone?

A

Cartilage depends on materials diffusing to cell that forms it for transport whereas bones have a rich blood supply

49
Q

What is the name given to the head of the long bone?

A

Epiphysis

50
Q

What is the name given to the shaft of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis

51
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Immoveable, Slightly moveable, Freely moveable [synovial joints]

52
Q

What are immoveable joints and example

A

Bones held tightly together without cartilage
Provide strength, support and protection
Example - Skull

53
Q

Give a joint that is slightly moveable and example

A

Allow a small amount of movement between bones
Eg, the joints between vertebrae in the upper spinal column
Have flexibility preventing damage to nerves of spine

54
Q

Name two types of synovial joints

A

Hinge joint

Ball and socket joint

55
Q

What is a hinge joint and give an example

A

Allows movement in one direction only

Example - Elbow and Knee

56
Q

What is a ball and socket joint and give an example

A

Allows movement in all directions

Example - shoulder and hip

57
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connect bone to bone

58
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

59
Q

What muscles are involuntary/voluntary?

A

Voluntary - skeletal, smooth

Involuntary - cardiac

60
Q

What is a flexor and give an example

A

Muscle which brings bones closer together [closes the joint]

Example - biceps

61
Q

What is an extensor?

A

Muscle will pulls two bones further away from each other

Example - triceps

62
Q

What does muscular contraction require

A

ENERGY in the form of ATP, as it is an active process

63
Q

What occurs when you pull the lower arm up?

A

Triceps are relaxed and biceps contacts

64
Q

What occurs when straighten lower arm?

A

Triceps contracts and biceps relaxed

Biology (36 decks)

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