The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards
How many regions are there in the vertebral column?
5
What is the spine made up of?
33 bones called vertebrae
Name all five regions of the vertebral column and state how many bones are found in each named region
Cervical [neck] - 5 Thoracic [chest] - 12 Lumbar [back] - 5 Sacrum [hip]- 5 Coccyx [coccyx] - 4
What are the intervertebral discs made of and what is their function?
Cartilage
Function - shock absorbers
Name the cells that break down bone
Osteoclasts
Name the cells that build bone
Osteoblasts
Give two factors on which the continued renewal of bone depends
Age [growth plate ceases to function when become an adult limiting the growth of bones]
Diet [intake of calcium, vitamin D]
Exercise
What are the two systems that work together in the musculoskeletal system
Muscular and skeletal system
What are the muscles associated with the skeleton known as?
Skeletal muscle
What are the functions of the skeleton
Protection - of main organs -brain, vertebrae, heart and lungs
Manufacture of blood components - bone marrow makes red blood fells, white blood cells and platelets
Support - provides rigid framework that holds body upright
How many bones does the human skeleton have?
213
What are the two divisions in the human skeleton known as?
Axil skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What is meant by the axial skeleton?
Consists of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum [vertebral column and skull]
What is meant by the appendicular skeleton
Limbs [arms and legs], the pectoral [shoulder] girdle, and the pelvic [hip] girdle
What are the top 24 vertebrae held together by?
Ligaments
What are the vertebrae separated by?
Discs of carilage
How are the last nine vertebrae held together?
Fused together and there are no discs between them - no movement between vertebrae
Name a long bone in the human body?
Femur
Where are the discs in the human backbone?
Between the vertebrae
What does the ribcage consist of?
Sternum and 12 pairs of ribs
What are the top 7 ribs and what are they known as?
They are attached to the sternum at the front and are known as true ribs
What are the next 3 ribs and what are they known as?
Attached to eachother at front by cartilage - False ribs
What are the bottom two ribs and what are they known as?
Attached to spine and are known as floating ribs
Why are the arms and legs known as pentadactyl limbs?
Each limb ends with five digits [fingers/toes]
What is the name given to arm? [limb]
Forelimb
What is the name given to leg? [limb]
Hindlimb
What are phalanges?
Individual bones of fingers and toes
How many phalanges im toes/fingers
Each has 3 except for thumb and big toe which has 2
Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example
A pair of muscles with opposing actions / work opposite each other
Biceps and triceps
Give a function of red marrow
Makes blood cells
Give a function of compact bone
Gives strength to bone
Flexibility
Give a function of spongy bone
Minimises weight of bone
Give function of yellow bone marrow
Stores fat
Give function of joint
Where two or more bones meet
Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Arthritis - exercises to maintain the mobility and strength
Anti inflammatory drugs
Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system
Arthritis
Give a possible cause of arthritis
Genetic
Injury
Give a function of synovial fluid
Reduces friction
Give a function of ligaments
Holds bones together
Give a function of synovial membrane
Secretes synovial fluid
What is osteoarthritis
Most common type of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear [cartilage in synovial joins wearing down]
What is rheumatoid arthritis
Most Sever form and is caused genetically when body’s immune system turns on itself
Prevention of arthritis [osteoarthritis]
Reducing damage to joints
Avoid running on hard surfaces, using proper footwear when running
Limbs follow a general trend, what is it?
1, 2, 7/8, 5, 5
What is cartilage made of?
Collagen [fibrous protein]
How does collagen [cartilage] transport materials?
Depends on materials diffusing through to cell that form it
Why is cartilage slower to heal than bone?
Cartilage depends on materials diffusing to cell that forms it for transport whereas bones have a rich blood supply
What is the name given to the head of the long bone?
Epiphysis
What is the name given to the shaft of the long bone?
Diaphysis
What are the three types of joints?
Immoveable, Slightly moveable, Freely moveable [synovial joints]
What are immoveable joints and example
Bones held tightly together without cartilage
Provide strength, support and protection
Example - Skull
Give a joint that is slightly moveable and example
Allow a small amount of movement between bones
Eg, the joints between vertebrae in the upper spinal column
Have flexibility preventing damage to nerves of spine
Name two types of synovial joints
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint
What is a hinge joint and give an example
Allows movement in one direction only
Example - Elbow and Knee
What is a ball and socket joint and give an example
Allows movement in all directions
Example - shoulder and hip
What are ligaments?
Connect bone to bone
What are the three types of muscle
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
What muscles are involuntary/voluntary?
Voluntary - skeletal, smooth
Involuntary - cardiac
What is a flexor and give an example
Muscle which brings bones closer together [closes the joint]
Example - biceps
What is an extensor?
Muscle will pulls two bones further away from each other
Example - triceps
What does muscular contraction require
ENERGY in the form of ATP, as it is an active process
What occurs when you pull the lower arm up?
Triceps are relaxed and biceps contacts
What occurs when straighten lower arm?
Triceps contracts and biceps relaxed
