Fungi Flashcards by Aislinn Gallagher

Is fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

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How do fungi reproduce?

Asexually and sexually by spores

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What are fungi cell walls made up of?

Chitin

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Fungi nutrition

Heterotrophs

Rhizopus - saprophyte of starchy foods

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Give two types of fungi

Rhizopus and yeast

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How does rhizopus reproduce sexually?

Hyphae grow closer from opposite strains
Swellings form opposite eachother and touch
Progametangia - nuclei move into swelling
Gametangia - cross walls form
Walls of game dissolve
Diploid zygote nuclei formed by fertilisation a
Zygote
Zygospore forms around these nuclei + remains dormant + when conditions good it germinates by meiosis
Haploid hypha grows out zygoslore and produced sporganium at tip
Releases spores

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How do rhizopus reproduce asexually?

Sporangiophores grow upwards and form sporangia. Spores are formed by mitosis and released and dispersed by wind. Spores germinate to from new mycelia

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Is rhizopus multicellular or single celled

Multicelled

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Is yeast single celled or multicelled?

Single celled

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How does yeast reproduce?

Budding
Parent cell divides by mitosis and one nucleus and cytoplasm enters small bud which may seperate or remain attached
New bud divides again - colony will form

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What is the function of the hyphae?

Digest and absorb substrate

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What is the function of the stolon?

Allows fungus to spread rapidly

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What is the function of rhizoids?

Extra surface area for absorption
Digestion
Achorage

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What does aseptate mean?

No cross walls

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How does yeast respire?

Anaerobically

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Benefits of fungi

Yeasts can produce alcohols such as beers and wines
Mushrooms can be grown as source of food
Used in baking to make dough rise

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Disadvantages of fungi

Potato light fungus - destroyed potato
Bread mould
Diseases - athletes foot

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Yeast structure contains

Cell wall, cytoplasm, food vacuoles, vacuole, nucleus

[two v, cytoplasm, cell wall, nucleus]

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What is hypha?

Tube or filament in a fungus

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What is mycelium?

Visible mass of hyphae

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Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction in organisms such as yeast

Adv - rapid reproduction

Disadv - increased risk of disease [no variation]

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How does the genetic make up of the new yeast cell in budding relate to the parent cell and explain why

Identical because it reproduced by mitosis which is simply the division of one cell into two

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How can scientists distinguish between different viruses?

Type of nucleic acid

Shape [of protein coat]

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What’s the method of asexual reproduction in rhizopus known as?

Sporulation

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Give an example of a poisonous fungus

Death cap fungus

What is the role of fungi such as rhizopus in nature and why is it vital?

They are saprophytes - feed on dead organic matter | Vital - return nutrients back into the soil

Give one structural difference between Fungi and Plantae?

Cell wall - Fungi - chitin Plantae - cellulose

Fungi may be classified into two groups on the basis of their nutrition, what are they?

Parasitic | Saprophytic

DIAGRAM | [of reproducing yeast cell]

Budding diagram!! | Nucleus + cell

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What principal nutrient was added to the agar for the yeast?

Malt

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | How did you introduce yeast into the Petri dish?

Sterilise forceps by heating it in the flame of a Bunsen burner and allow cool before using the forceps to pick up leaves. Attach leaves to lid using blue tac, and leave the dish upright for 24 hours

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What did the yeast look like when it had grown on the agar?

Pink colonies growing on surface of agar

Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse environmental stimulus. Suggest one stimulus

Dehydration

Give two advantages of rhizopus of zygospore formation

Can survive drought | Dispersal

What happens to new cells formed in the process of budding?

They form a colony or break away from mother cell

How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast?

Rhizopus - produces spores

Explain why sporulation is asexual?

Only one parent involved | No gametes involved

What does the term saprophytic mean?

Feeds on dead organic matter

Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of nature

Breakdown of dead organic matter and returns nutrients into the soil to be recycled

Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi

Parasitic

Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom of Fungi

Death Cap mushroom - deadly poisonous | Puccinia - Black rust disease on wheat plant

Give two beneficial members of the kingdom of Fungi?

Penicillium | Yeast

Give a role for rhizoids and explain how they carry out this role

Digestion | Secretes enzymes

Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi

Chloroplast

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the lab?

Source of nutrients

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March

More leaves due to a more suitable temperature

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What was the precise purpose of the control in this investigation?

To show that the yeast did come from the leaf

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar?

Pink colonies

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | How did you safely dispose of the plates at the end of the investigation?

Immerse in disinfectant [dettol]

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Draw a graph to show how the number of leaf yeasts varied following their introduction into the plate

Lag - stationary

Give one way in which Rhizopus differs from yeast

Multicellular | Rhizopus undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction, yeast only asexual

What is a nutrient medium?

Solid Material that supplies food to allow for growth

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Name the nutrient medium you used

Malt agar

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Describe in words how you conducted the investigation

1 - collect leaves from outdoor plant and cut them 2 - sterilise forceps by heating in flame of Bunsen burner and allow cool before using to pick up leaf 3 - Place blue tac on inside of lid and attach the leaf 4 - Seal dish and ensure leaf is facing down on agar, leave upright for 24 hours 5 - after 24 hours, leave Petri dish in incubator upside down to prevent condensation forming on lids and leave for 24-48 hours

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What was the result of your investigation and diagram!!

Positive result should show the formation of pink colonies, indicating the growth of leaf yeast Diagram - purple book

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What is agar?

It’s a material derived from seaweed and is used to form growth medium

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What is the purpose of nutrient agar?

It allows micro organism to grow by providing a source of food

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Why is a forceps used?

To prevent micro organisms getting onto the leaf from your hands and contaminating

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Why is the lower surface of the leaf facing down on agar?

There are more micro organisms on lower surface of leaf than on upper surface. Leaf yeasts can expel their spores down onto the surface of the agar

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Why are the Petri dishes left at room temperature?

Leaf yeasts grow well at room temperature, but higher temp will speed up growth

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Why should the dishes be incubated upside down?

Prevents condensation forming on the lids

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What is the control?

A Petri dish with no leaf

Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this

Antibiotics do not have effect of viruses

What are nutrient agar plates and it’s purpose

Dishes with additives [food] | Purpose - allow growth

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | From which plant did you collect the leaf sample?

Ash

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | Describe how you collected the leaf sample

Cut the leaf of an ash tree and put in a sterile container to prevent contamination and prevent leaf being crushed

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What did you do with the leaves when you returned to the lab?

Put in a container Sterilise forceps Attach using blue tax

What is the function of sporangium?

Produce spores

What is the function of gametangium?

Produce gametes

Function of zygospore?

Dispersal

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What aseptic measures taken to exclude unwanted micro-organisms

Wash your hands Wash the bench with disinfectant Keep al containers closed.

-The growth of leaf yeast in the lab- | What sterile technqiues were taken so that all micro organisms are destroyed.

Sterilise all equipment by heating a pressure cooker to 1200 C for 15 minutes. Flame all needles or loops by placing them over Bunsen burner before and after they are used. Open all containers for the shortest possible time and distance.