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Biology > Sexual Reproduction - Flowering Plant > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction - Flowering Plant Flashcards

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1
Q

Suggest two ways by which pollen lands on stigma

A

Wind

Animal

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2
Q

By what process does the pollen give rise to the sperm nuclei

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

What is the fate of the sperm nuclei?

A

i) fuses with egg to form diploid zygote

ii) fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm nucleus

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4
Q

What does the ovule develop into after fertilisation?

A

Seed

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5
Q

Explain what is meant by the term dormancy in seeds

A

Resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity / metabolism despite presence of favourable conditions

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6
Q

How does digestion contribute to successful seed germination?

A

Make food soluble

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7
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

What Agar plates did you use for this investigation?

A

Starch agar plates

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8
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

Name a type of enzyme that carries out this digestion

A

Amylase

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9
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

Why were the seeds soaked in water at the start of the investigation?

A

To enable metabolic activity

Soften testa

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10
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

Why is it recommended you sterilise the seeds?

A

To kill all micro organisms

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11
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

Why were the split seeds placed open-side down on the agar?

A

Enzyme is exposed to substrate

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12
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

How do you know that digestive activity had occurred on one of your investigation plates?

A

When add iodine, agar around plates in dish with unboiled seeds will stay clear

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13
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

How did you know that digestive activity had NOT occurred on one of your investigation plates

A

When iodine was added, there will be no clear areas around seed instead, will be blue-black

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14
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

Give one reason why digestive activity did not occur in one of your investigation plates

A

Enzymes were denatured in boiling

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15
Q

What types of cell division occur during production of the female gametes in flowering plants

A

Meiosis, Mitosis

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16
Q

What types of cell division occur during production of the male gametes in flowering plants

A

Meiosis, Mitosis

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17
Q

Give the precise location of the production of the female gametes

A

Embryo sac

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18
Q

Give the precise location of the production of the male gametes in flowering plants / give the site of production of pollen grain

A

Anther

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19
Q

Give the precise location of fertilisation under normal circumstances

A

Embryo sac

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20
Q

Name the next stage of development following formation of zygote

A

Embryo

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21
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction in organisms

A

Advantage - inc variation

Disadvantage - requires two parents [diff finding mate], more complex [takes longer]

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22
Q

Following fertilisation, from precisely which part of the flower is the seed formed?

A

Ovule

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23
Q

What is meant by the term monocotyledonous

A

Has one cotyledon - one seed leaf

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24
Q

Name two biomolecules stored in endosperm or cotyledon tissue

A

Lipids, Proteins

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25
Q

Give one way knowledge of seed dormancy has been useful to humans - horticulturists and farmers

A

Maximise growing season

Dormancy - means it can withstand harsh conditions

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26
Q

Graph - 2015

Suggest why the measurement of dry mass is preferred in these investigations??

A

Water content can vary between seeds

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27
Q

Graph - 2015

Explain why the dry mass of the endosperm tissue decreases?

A

Food transferred to embryo

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28
Q

What process begins when dry mass of embryo shoots up

A

Photosynthesis

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29
Q

Graph - 2015
Would you expect the total dry mass of the seed [embyro + endosperm] to have remained the same up until photosynthesis occurred?

A

No, will lose mass due to respiration

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30
Q

Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a pollen grain to the stigma, up to and including fertilisation

A
  • pollen grain lands on stigma and germinates forming a pollen tube which grows down through style to opening of embryo sac
  • the tube nucleus at the tip of the pollen tube disintegrates and the generative nucleus divides by mitosis in the tube to form two male gametes
  • one of the male gametes fertilises the egg to form a diploid zygote [which after develops into an embryo]
  • other male gametes and the polar nuclei fuse which results in triploid endosperm
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31
Q

Identify the structure on which the pollen grain must land to complete pollination

A

Stigma

32
Q

Name two methods of cross pollination

A

Wind

Animal

33
Q

Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest how such plants could benefit from this

A

Greater variation

34
Q

Which part of the flower usually develops into a fruit

A

Ovary

35
Q

Function of petal

A

Attracts insects for pollination

36
Q

Function of anther

A

Where pollen grain is produced that produces male gametes

37
Q

Function of stigma

A

Where pollen grain lands

38
Q

Function of stamen

A

Makes Male gamete

39
Q

Function of carpel

A

Makes female gamete

40
Q

Function of sepal

A

Protects the bud

41
Q

Function of receptacle

A

Forms base of flower

42
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid cells capable of fusion

43
Q

Function of style

A

Through which the pollen tube grows

44
Q

Function of ovary

A

Holds ovule

45
Q

Function of ovule

A

Holds egg

46
Q

Function of filament

A

Supports anther

47
Q

Function of anther

A

Makes male gamete

48
Q

Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach embryo

A

Style

49
Q

What type of division takes place when the generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes and explain your answer

A

Mitosis
Two daughter cells are produced
Chromosome number retained

50
Q

What does each male gamete fuse with in the embyro sac and what’s the product

A

Egg - diploid zygote

Polar nuclei - triploid endosperm

51
Q

As seed forms following fertilisation, a good store develops in one of the two structures. Name any one of these structures

A

Endosperm

Cotyledon

52
Q

Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother cells

A
  • each pollen sac has a layer of diploid cells called microspore mother cells which divide by meiosis to produce four haploid microspores
  • each microspore nucleus divides by mitosis to produce a generative nucleus and a tube nucleus
53
Q

What is meant by the term fertilisation?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

54
Q

Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering plants

A
  • the generative nucleus divides by mitosis in the tube to form two male gametes
  • one of the male gametes fertilises the egg to form diploid zygote
  • other male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm
55
Q

Give two ways in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to plants / advantages

A

Gives time for embryo to develop
Survival during unfavourable conditions
Increased dispersal

56
Q

In the case of water, oxygen and a suitable temperature, describe its effect on the process of germination

A

Water - for enzyme action
Temperature - needed for enzyme activity [optimum temp]
O2 - needed for respiration

57
Q

Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to the root

A

Radicle

58
Q

Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to the shoot

A

Plumule

59
Q

What is meant by germination?

A

Regrowth of an embryo into a new plant

60
Q

What is an agar plate?

A

Petri dish containing a jelly medium

61
Q

Experiment of digestive activity -

An extra food material is added to the agar plate for this demonstration, give an example

A

Starch

62
Q

Experiment of digestive activity -

Outline the procedures that you carried out in setting up this demonstration

A
  • soak seeds and split in half with backed blade
  • kill two seeds by boiling them [act as control]
  • sterilise seeds by soaking in alcohol for 10 mins
  • wash off alcohol with water
  • flame forceps with bunsen burner and allow to cool [sterlises it]
  • with forceps place seeds fade down on starch agar plates
  • place covered dishes in warm place for two days
63
Q

Experiment of digestive activity -

What control did you use for this demonstration?

A

Boiled seeds

64
Q

Experiment of digestive activity -

What procedure did you carry out in order to show that digestive activity had taken place

A
  • remove half seeds and add dilute iodine solution [test for starch]
  • after 2 mins, pour off iodine
65
Q

Experiment of digestive activity -

Describe results you obtained in the experimental plate and the control plate

A

Experimental plate - clear around seeds, no blue black

Control plate - blue/black around seeds

66
Q

Features / adaptions of wind pollinated plants

A

Petals - small, green, no scent/nectar
Pollen- huge amounts, small + light
Anther- large, outside petals
Stigmas- large and feathery, out petals

67
Q

Give an example of a wind pollinated plant

A

Grasses, oak

68
Q

Features / adaptations of insect pollinated flowers

A

Petals -rage, coloured, scented/nectar
Pollen - smaller amounts, large and sticky
Anthers - smaller, inside petals
Stigmas - smaller, rounded and inside petals

69
Q

Give an example of an insect pollinated plant

A

Daisies, dandelions and buttercups

70
Q

State two locations in the seed where food may be stored

A

Cotyledon, Endospore

71
Q

The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these parts, apart from the food stores and give a role for each of them

A

Radicle - develops root

Plumule - develops shoot

72
Q

Give the term by which fruit without seeds are formed

A

Parthenocarpy

73
Q

State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits

A

Growth regulator [auxin]

74
Q

Digestive activity during seed germination -

What substrate did you use for digestive enzymes?

A

Starch agar

75
Q

Describe the role in the process of germination of two of the factors or a seed to germinate

A

Water - for enzyme action
Oxygen - needed for aerobic respiration
Temperature - optimum temperature for enzyme activity

76
Q

Describe germination

A
  • seed absorbs h2O and O2 and the enzymes digest the food stored in cotyledons or endosperm
  • nutrients are moved to the growing embyro and used in respiration for formation of new cells
  • radicle forms the root and plumule forms the shoot
  • leaves formed and photosynthesis begins

Biology (36 decks)

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