Monera

Question 1

Are monera prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic

Question 2

How does monera reproduce?

Answer 2

Asexual - binary fission

Question 3

Explain binary fission

Answer 3

When the bacterium cell gets to a certain size, the DNA strand replicates
2 identical strands
The cell grows and elongates and the cell splits = 2 similar sized cells

Question 4

Are monera single celled or unicellular?

Answer 4

Single celled

Question 5

What are the cell walls of monera made up of?

Answer 5

Sugars and protein

Question 6

Nutrition of monera

Answer 6

Heterotrophic and autotrophic

[saprophytic, parasitic, chemosynthetic and photosynthetic]

Question 7

How do endospores form?

Answer 7

The chromosome replicated and the new strand is enclosed by an endospore that was formed inside the parent plant
Parent cell breaks down and the endospore remains dormant
When conditions are suitable, endospore absorbs water and walls break down

Question 8

What is sometimes present in a monera cell

Answer 8

Capsule
Mesosome
Plasmid
Flagellum

Question 9

What is the function of mesosomes?

Answer 9

Respiration

Question 10

What is the function of plasmid?

Answer 10

Contains genes responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Question 11

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 11

Prevents swelling and bursting in solution less concentrated

Question 12

What is the function of the flagellum?

Answer 12

Bacterial movement

Question 13

What is a saprophytic bacteria?

Answer 13

Bacteria that feed on dead matter

Question 14

What is parasitic bacteria?

Answer 14

It’s a bacteria that lives on a live host and causes harm

Question 15

What are photosynthetic bacteria and give an example

Answer 15

Bacteria that use light to make food eg, purple sulfur

Question 16

What are chemosynthetic bacteria and give an example?

Answer 16

Bacteria that use energy from chemical reactions to make food eg, nitrifying bacteria

Question 17

What is an economic benefit of bacteria?

Answer 17

Lactobacillus

Genetically modified such as e.coli = make drugs and insulin

Question 18

Economic disadvantage of bacteria?

Answer 18

Cause diseases eg, bacteria that cause cholera

Food decay - lactobacillus turns milk sour

Question 19

What are the three types of bacteria and give examples?

Answer 19

Round - coccus - pneumonia and sore throat
Rod - bacillus - TB and Tetanus
Spiral - spirillum - syphilis and cholera

Question 20

How do bacteria evolve resistant to new antibiotics?

Answer 20

Short life cycle + fast rate of reproduction

Question 21

Potential abuse of antibiotics

Answer 21

Overuse

Failure to complete treatment allow bacteria to survive and grow

Question 22

What is batch culture?

Answer 22

Fixed amount of sterile nutrient is added to micro organisms in bio reactor
Micro organisms go through lag, log, stationary phases
Nutrients are used up and the product is formed
Product is made at log or stationary stage and stopped before decline stage

Question 23

What is continuous flow?

Answer 23

Nutrients added continuously [at all times] and at the same time the culture medium [with micro organisms] are withdrawn continuously. Maintained at log phase and the product formed all ten time for a long period of time

Question 24

What is the difference between asepsis and sterility?

Answer 24

Asepsis - free of pathogens

Sterility - free of micro-organisms

Question 25

What is the optimum temp and ph for bacteria?

Answer 25

Temperature - 20-30 degrees | Ph - most neutral ph

Question 25

What are aerobic bacteria and give an example

Answer 25

Require oxygen for respiration eg, streptococcus

Question 26

What are anaerobic bacteria and give an example

Answer 26

Doesn't require oxygen to respire | Clostridium

Question 27

What are facultative bacteria and give an example

Answer 27

Can respire with or without bacteria eg, e.coli

Question 28

What are obligate anaerobes and give an example

Answer 28

Can only respire in absence of oxygen eg, clostridium tetani [causes tetanus]

Question 29

What are antibiotics?

Answer 29

Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth of, or kill other micro organisms without damaging human tissue

Question 30

What is the lag phase?

Answer 30

Bacteria are adapting to new environment, little if any increase

Question 31

What is the log phase?

Answer 31

Bacteria have adapted and are reproducing at their maximum rate

Question 32

What is the stationary phase?

Answer 32

No increase in bacterial numbers, lack of food, lack of space Death rate = birth rate

Question 33

What is the decline phase?

Answer 33

Bacteria numbers fall when the death rate is greater than rate of reproduction

Question 34

Give one way in which bacteria cope with unfavourable conditions

Answer 34

Forcing endospores

Question 35

Distinguish between batch processing and continuous flow in food processing. Refer to stages in answer

Answer 35

Batch - fixed amount of nutrients added at beginning, all stages occur Continuous flow - nutrients are constantly added to bioreactor, Log stage is maintained

Question 36

Give an example of a harmful member of the monera

Answer 36

Bacterium of disease - streptococcus pyogenes

Question 37

Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore?

Answer 37

Harsh conditions

Question 38

Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria?

Answer 38

Parasitic | Saprophytic

Question 39

Describe how oxygen demand changes as the number of bacteria in the water changes and give a reason

Answer 39

No.of bacteria inc and oxygen demand inc No.of bacteria dec and oxygen demand dec More bacteria require more o2

Question 40

Diagram of growth curve of bacteria!!

Answer 40

Know how to draw

Question 41

What are the purpose of antibiotics

Answer 41

Treat infections

Question 42

Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and explain how it may develop

Answer 42

Bacteria fungi are not killed and become immune to antibiotics Develops - misuse of antibiotics

Question 43

Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell differs from a typical human cell

Answer 43

Cell wall, plasmid

Question 44

Role of parasites in the overal scheme of nature

Answer 44

Natural selection