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Biology > Cell Divison > Flashcards

Cell Divison Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell continuity?

A

All cells develop from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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3
Q

How many daughter cells are formed by mitosis?

A

2 daughter cells

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4
Q

How many daughter cells are formed by meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells

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5
Q

What are the daughter cells of mitosis?

A

Identical

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6
Q

What are the daughter cells of meiosis

A

Variations

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7
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled threads DNA/protein found in the nucleus and are visible in the nucleus at cell division

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8
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Unraveled long thin threads of DNA [not dividing]

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

It is a short section of DNA which contains the instructions for the formation of protein

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10
Q

What are many of the proteins produced by genes?

A

Enzymes

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11
Q

What kind of features to genes control?

A

Eye colour, production of skin pigment [melanin], shape of face, number of fingers

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12
Q

In plants, what do genes control?

A

Petal colour, leaf shape, fruit taste

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13
Q

What is a haploid cell and symbol

A

It has one set of chromosome ie it has only one of each type of chromosome in the nucleus
N=2

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14
Q

What is a diploid cell and symbol?

A

It has two sets of chromosomes ie they are in pairs known as homologous pairs
Symbol : 2n=4

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15
Q

What is the cell cycle composed of [different phases]

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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16
Q

What are the different phases of mitosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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17
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A

In somatic cells

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18
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Cells that are not associated with the reproductive system

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19
Q

What occurs in interphase?

A

The cell isn’t dividing, it is preparing for mitosis.
All DNA is duplicated
New cell organelles are made [eg, mitochondria]
A store of ATP energy is built up

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20
Q

What occurs in prophase?

A

Chromatin shortens and thickens to form chromosome
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Centrioles move towards north and South Poles
The chromosomes continue to contract until it can be seen that each single chromosome is actually composed of 2 halves called sister-chromatids joined at a point called the centromere

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21
Q

What occurs in metaphase?

A

All chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

The centrioles produce spindle fibers [made of protein] that attach to the chromosomes at the centromeres

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22
Q

What occurs in anaphase?

A

The spindle fibers contract pulling sister chromatids apart

Each is now called a chromosome

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23
Q

What occurs in telophase?

A

Cell membrane contracts along the middle of the cell
A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
A groove called the cleavage furrow [in animal cells] and cell plate [in plant cells] appears at the equator of the cell
The cell membrane tightens so much that the cell divides into two daughter cells
The centrioles duplicate
The nuclear membrane is complete and the chromosomes unravel into chromatin

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24
Q

Why is interphase not a resting phase in the cell cycle?

A

The cell is still functioning during this phase ; it is preparing for mitosis.

25
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Consists of two chromosome that have genes for the same features at the same positions

26
Q

What is the function of mitosis in unicellular organisms?

A

It is a form of asexual reproduction eg amoeba

27
Q

What is the function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

A

Form of growth and repair

28
Q

What are the functions of meiosis?

A

Produces gametes
It halves the chromosome number in gametes so that at fertilisation the correct chromosome number is achieved
Produces genetic variations thigh sexual reproduction

29
Q

Give an example of meiosis

A

Egg + sperm n= 23

This ensures when egg and sperm fuse, 2n=46

30
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells due to damaged DNA

31
Q

How is cancer caused?

A

It is caused when normal genes are altered or mutated to form cancer causing genes called oncogenes

32
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

They are any environmental factor which mutates DNA

33
Q

How does the genetic damage in cancer be inherited or caused by?

A

Carcinogens

34
Q

What are three carcinogens/causes of cancer

A

Chemicals, radiation and viruses

35
Q

How do chemicals cause cancer?

A

Nicotine in cigarettes can lead to lung cancer

36
Q

How does radiation cause cancer?

A

Uv radiation from the sun = skin burnt - risk of skin cancer increased
X Ray’s damage dividing cells

37
Q

How do viruses cause cancer?

A

Some damage oncogenes of cells which may cause cancer eg, some forms of liver cancer may be due to the presence of hepatitis

38
Q

What is a tumour?

A

It is a cluster/lump of cells that have grown out of control because the cell lost control of mitosis

39
Q

There are two types of tumours, what are they

A

Benign tumour and malignant tumour

40
Q

What is a benign tumour and give an example

A

A tumour that will eventually stop growing and will not invade other tissues eg, skin tags, warts

41
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Cancerous tumours that will not stop growing and can invade other tissues and move from place to place

42
Q

What are the treatments of cancer?

A

Chemotherapy - slows mitosis
Surgery - removes affected cells
Radiation

43
Q

What are two DNA processes in interphase?

A

Replication

Transcription

44
Q

After telophase of mitosis, how do 1.animal cells and 2. Plant cells split in two?

A

Animal - cleavage furrow appears at equator of cell, cell membrane tightens so much it divides
Plant - cell plate appears at equator and cell membrane tightens so much it divides

45
Q

Name two types of bio molecules that are produced in the cell during interphase of the cell cycle

A

Protein

Nucleic acid

46
Q

Name two changes that will have occurred in the cell by the end of interphase

A

DNA duplicated

Disappearance of nuclear membrane

47
Q

Suggest why human red blood cells do not undergo cell division?

A

No nucleus

48
Q

Give a cellular process that occurs during interphase?

A

Replication
Respiration
Protein synthesis

49
Q

State a function of spindle fibres

A

Cause centromeres to split and divides genetic material in cell

50
Q

How do spindle fibres carry out their function?

A

Attach to chromosomes at centromeres and in anaphase they Contract and pull chromosome - separating them

51
Q

Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants

A

Meristematic tissue

52
Q

Give a role of chromosomes

A

Carries genes

53
Q

Name one organelle that is replicated at this stage of the cell cycle

A

Mitochondrial

54
Q

Give ways in which mitosis differs from meiosis?

A

Mitosis - two daughter cells, identical

Meiosis - four daughter cells, contain variation

55
Q

To what are chromosomes attached in metaphase?

A

Spindle fibres

56
Q

Give a feature from a diagram which allows you to identify anaphase

A

Chromosomes are separated

57
Q

Explain the term diploid number

A

Number of chromosomes in pairs

58
Q

How do you know that metaphase is taking place from a diagram

A

Chromosomes located on equator

59
Q

What is the diploid number of nucleus undergoing mitosis when
X X X X

A

Four

Biology (36 decks)

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