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Biology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What term is used for glands that secrete hormones?

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

How do endocrine glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones

A

Ductless

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3
Q

Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland

A

Both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Endocrine - in islets of langerhaun produces hormone insulin
Exocrine - rest of pancreas produces enzymes for digestion

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4
Q

What is the chemical nature of many hormones?

A

Protein

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5
Q

Give the precise location of adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland, on Kidney

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6
Q

Give the precise location of thyroxine

A

Thyroid gland, Neck

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7
Q

Give a function of adrenaline

A

Cope with stress by increasing blood flow to heart, muscles and brain and opening bronchioles to allow increase air flow
“Fight or flight hormone”

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8
Q

Give a function of thyroxine

A

Stimulates metabolism

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9
Q

Give a deficiency symptom of thyroxine

A

Lack of energy, weight gain

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10
Q

Give a symptom of excess secretion of thyroxine

A

Bulging eyes, loss of weight

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11
Q

Give a corrective measure of thyroxine deficiency

A

Hormone supplement - tablet form

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12
Q

Give a corrective measure of thyroxine excess

A

Surgically removing part of thyroid

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13
Q

Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses

A

Hormones travel in blood whereas electrical transmissions in nerves

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14
Q

Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of thyroxine

A

Reduce rate of metabolism
Lead to - lack of energy, tiredness, slow mental and physical activity
causes thyroid gland to swell = goitre

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15
Q

Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements

A

Insulin - treatment of diabetes

Oestrogen and progesterone - contraceptives

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16
Q

State the gland that produces insulin

A

Islets of langerhaun

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17
Q

State the extact location of production of insulin

A

Pancreas [islets of langerhaun]

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18
Q

Role of insulin

A

Stimulates cells to absorb glucose and store as glycogen

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19
Q

State ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action

A

Chemical transmission
Slower reaction
Longer lasting effect

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20
Q

What are exocrine glands and give an example

A

Release products into ducts eg, salivary glands, sweat glands

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21
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that produce hormones

22
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

A group of specialised tissues [glands] that produce chemicals called hormones, many of which are proteins

23
Q

What do endocrine glands have that allow hormones to be transported by blood?

A

A rich supply of capillaries

24
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to another part of the body where it has a specific effect

25
Q

Why is the pituitary gland often known as the master gland?

A

Produces a range of hormones that trigger other glands to release theirs

26
Q

What is most hormone activity controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

27
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce and what are their functions?

A

ADH -stimulate water reabsorption in kidneys
TSH - stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
FSH

28
Q

What do endocrine glands have that allow hormones to be transported by blood?

A

A rich supply of capillaries

29
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to another part of the body where it has a specific effect

30
Q

Why is the pituitary gland often known as the master gland?

A

Produces a range of hormones that trigger other glands to release theirs

31
Q

What is most hormone activity controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

32
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce and what are their functions?

A

TSH - stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
FSH - controls functions of reproductive organs
Growth hormone [somatropin]

33
Q

What is the function of the growth hormone?

A

Causes body to absorb amino acids and from proteins which allows growth and elongation of the bones of the skeleton

34
Q

What occurs when there is overproduction/underproduction is growth hormone [somatropin]

A

Overproduction - gigantism

Underproduction - dwarfism

35
Q

What does the hypothalamus gland produce and give example

A

Hormones that control pituitary gland in response to messages from the brain and other hormones
Example -
GHRF - causes production of growth hormone in pituitary

36
Q

Where is the pileal gland located?

A

Within the brain

37
Q

What does the pileal gland produce and what is it’s function?

A

Melatonin, the hormone produced in the dark

Involved in sleep and activity patterns, biological rhythms [ovulation], sexual maturity

38
Q

What gland links the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

Where is ADH produced and stored?

A

Produced - hypothalamus

Stored - pituitary gland

40
Q

What does parathyroid gland produce?

A

Parathormone, which increases blood calcium levels

41
Q

How does insulin reduce blood glucose levels?

A

Stimulates cells to absorb glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

42
Q

How many parathyroids are there?

A

Four

43
Q

What hormone does thymus gland release and what is it’s function
[location]

A

Thymosin - causes lymphocytes to mature and become active

[behind breastbone]

44
Q

What is the name given to the method of control of thyroxine level?

A

Negative feedback - correct level of one item has a negative effect on a previous step in the cycle

45
Q

What occurs when there are normal concentrations of thyroxine?

A

Inhibits pituitary gland from releasing TSH so no further thyroxine is made

46
Q

What occurs when there are low concentrations of thyroxine?

A

Pituitary gland produces TSH [thyroid stimulating hormone] which causes more thyroxine to be made by thyroid gland, until thyroxine concentration is returned to normal again

47
Q

What’s goitre?

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by underproduction of thyroxine

48
Q

What is goitre caused by?

A

Lack of iodine in diet leads to underproduction of thyroxine

49
Q

How does goitre occur?

A

There is low concentration of thyroxine in blood - causes pituitary gland to produce TSH
TSH normally combines with iodine to produce thyroxine however it there is a shortage of iodine this cannot happen so it is stored in thyroid
Causes thyroid to swell = goitre

50
Q

How can goitre be treated?

A

Intake of iodine in diet

Biology (36 decks)

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