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Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three branches in heterotrophs?

A

Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores

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2
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Animals that feed exclusively on plants eg, cattle, sheep

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3
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Animals that feed on other animals eg, seals

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4
Q

What are omnivores?

A

Animals that feed on plants and animals eg, humans, bears

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

It’s the breakdown of food into particles that are small enough to pass into body cells

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6
Q

What does digestion allow?

A

Allows materials needed to process the food to be localised in a single place eg, teeth in mouth
Prevents each cell having to contain a full range of digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is ingestion?

A

It’s the taking in of food into the alimentary canal eg, putting food in your mouth

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8
Q

What is digestion?

A

It’s the mechanical or chemical breaking down of food into particles that are small enough to pass into body cells

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9
Q

Why is digestion essential for absorption?

A

If food isn’t broken down, chemicals in food would not pass from digestive system into body tissues

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10
Q

What is absorption?

A

Soluble food is passed from cells into bloodstream

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11
Q

What is egestion?

A

It’s the removal of unabsorbed and undigested material from the digestive system through anus

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12
Q

What sort of digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

Mechanical digestion, chewing action of teeth

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13
Q

Function of incisors

A

Cutting, slicing

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14
Q

Function of Canines

A

Tearing

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15
Q

Function of Premolars and molars

A

Chew, crush

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16
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of the different types of teeth
2(2/2 I, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 3/3)
Upper numbers = upper jaw of one side of mouth, Lower numbers = lower jaw of one side of mouth

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17
Q

Digestion in the mouth

A

Mechanical digestion - teeth = break down food into smaller particles so it is easier to swallow and have a greater surface area for enzyme to action
Chemical digestion - due to the enzyme amylase in saliva. Saliva is produced by 3 parts of salivary glands located under the tongue, back of the jaw and cheeks. It helps soften and dissolve food so we can swallow it

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18
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A

Water, Salts, Mucous [mucin] and enzymes amylase and lysozyme

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19
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It digests starch into maltose

Ideal ph is 7/8 and temperature is 37 degrees

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20
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

It closes over the trachea and ensures it passes down the oesophagus

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21
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

It carries food to the stomach by peristalsis

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

It’s an involuntary wave of muscular contraction

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23
Q

When food enters the oesophagus, what assists the movement?

A

Mucous found in saliva and by mucous produced by inner lining of oesophagus

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24
Q

What is the function of peristalsis?

A

It moves food though the alimentary canal
In stomach - it helps breakdown food mechanically
Iit mixes food with the secretions of the stomach and then forces into the small intestine
Small intestine - forces food forwards and backwards, which helps food to be absorbed
Large intestine - Strong wave of peristalsis forces waste into the rectum

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25
Q

Name a fibre

A

Dietary fibre [also called roughage] consists of cellulose from plant cell walls. Humans cannot digest cellulose

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26
Q

Give sources of fibre

A

Wholemeal bread, cereals, vegetables and fruit

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27
Q

What is the function of fibre?

A

It absorbs and store water which causes unabsorbed wastes to expand, especially in large intestine
Physical bulk of waste stimulates the muscles of intestines to work = fibre stimulates peristalsis
Reduces constipation

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28
Q

What is the stomach?

A

It’s a muscular bag that stores and digests food

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29
Q

What is a sphincter muscle?

A

A circular muscle that opens and closes

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30
Q

How are gastric glands formed?

A

Due to the lining of the stomach being heavily folded

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31
Q

What is gastric juice?

A

Gastric glands produce a range of secretions

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32
Q

What does gastric juice consist of?

A

Mucous - coats the stomach and prevents self digestion
Pepsinogen - inactive enzyme which is converted to the active enzyme pepsin by acid in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid - gives the stomach a pH of 1 to 2. This acid kills many bacteria, loosens fibrous and cellular foods and activates pepsinogen

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33
Q

What enzyme digests proteins?

A

Pepsin digests proteins into peptides

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34
Q

What do the contraction of the stomach walls do?

A

Helps churn and digest food mechanically. This turns it into a mixture called chyme

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35
Q

Protection from self digestion

A

Mucous lines the stomach
Mucous is alkaline and reduces acidity near stomach wall
Pepsin is released as an inactive pepsinogen

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36
Q

What are the glands associated with the small intestine?

A

Pancreas, Liver

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37
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

The hormone insulin + digestive materials = form pancreatic juice

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38
Q

What does pancreatic juice consist of?

A

Sodium hydrogen carbonate and enzymes such as amylase and lipase

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39
Q

What does the sodium hydrogencarbonate in the pancreas do?

A

It neutralises the chyme

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40
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

It converts lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

41
Q

Where are pancreatic lipase and amylase active in?

A

In the duodenum

42
Q

What pH does lypase work best in?

A

pH of 7/8

43
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Makes bile, detoxifies the body [breaks down poisons such as alcohol], breaks down amino acids to form urea, converts excess carbohydrates into fat and produces heat to warm the body

44
Q

What is bile?

A

It consists of water, bile salts and bile pigments [no enzymes]
Partly formed from remains of dead red blood cells

45
Q

Where is bile made and where is it stored?

A

Made in liver and stored in gall bladder

46
Q

Where can gallstones form?

A

In the bile duct and prevent the release of bile

47
Q

Where does bile enter?

A

Duodenum through bile duct

48
Q

Functions of bile

A

It emulsifies lipids - breaks down fats into tiny droplets which increases the surface area for enzyme digestion
Contains sodium hydrogen carbonate which helps neutralise chyme in stomach

49
Q

The small intestine consists of two main parts, what are they?

A

The duodenum [where most of the digestion occurs] and the ileum [absorption of digested food into the body takes place]

50
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Digestion
Cells lining the duodenum produce digestive enzymes
Products or pancreas and liver enter duodenum

51
Q

What is the function of the ileum?

A

Absorbs nutrients

52
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

It increases the surface area for either digestion or absorption

53
Q

What are the intestinal glands?

A

Found between the villi and produce a large range of enzymes called intestinal juice

54
Q

Where are the villus found?

A

Lining of duodenum and Ileum

55
Q

What do the capillaries in villus do?

A

Carry nutrients to hepatic portal vein and then to liver

56
Q

Where do urea and other wastes leave the liver?

A

Through hepatic portal vein and to kidney

57
Q

What is lacteal?

A

Found inside each villus and contains lymph

58
Q

Where are fatty acids and glycerol absorbed into?

A

Cells of villus lining where they reform into fats coated with protein. They then pass into lymph in lacteals

59
Q

Where are the fats transported into the bloodstream?

A

Transported by lymph and is carried to bloodstream at subclavian veins near base of neck.

60
Q

Adaptions of small intestine for absorption?

A

Very long
Numerous villi
Walls of villi are one cell thick
Rich blood supply to carry away water soluble products
Each villus has lymph supply [lacteal] to carry away fats

61
Q

What is the large intestine made up of?

A

Caecum, appendix and colon

62
Q

Where is the caecum and appendix?

A

Below junction of small intestine

63
Q

What are the functions of caecum and appendix

A

Not known, to many herbivores they contained bacteria capable of digesting cellulose.

64
Q

What are the caecum and appendix known as

A

Vestigial organs - they have lost their former use, no longer need to digest cellulose as we get carbohydrate supplies from starch

65
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

To reabsorb water

66
Q

How so faeces formed?

A

Liquid waste enters large intestine and turns into faeces

67
Q

Where is faeces stored?

A

In rectum and then egested through anus

68
Q

What is diarrhoea

A

Occurs when unabsorbed material passes too rapidly through the colon, less water is reabsorbed so faeces contains more liquid

69
Q

What is constipation?

A

When unabsorbed material passes through the colon too slowly so that too much water is reabsorbed.

70
Q

What is a symbiotic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that live in or on another organism to the benefit of at least one

71
Q

Give examples of symbiotic bacteria?

A

Bacteria in the colon feed on waste and produce some B group and K group vitamins . We absorb these vitamins from the colon.
The presence of beneficial bacteria prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi
Bacteria in the digestive system also break down food, especially cellulose. Some of the digested nutrients are absorbed into the body from the intestines

72
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Correct amounts of each food type

73
Q

The amount of food a person requires depends on what?

A

Age [young people need more food than older individuals]
Activity levels
Gender [male needs more food]
Health

74
Q

What are the four food groups?

A

Cereals, bread and potatoes
Fruit and vegetables
Milk, cheese and yogurt
Meat, fish and poultry

75
Q

Give two functions of the large intestine

A

Reabsorbs water, peristalsis, egestion

76
Q

Outline two beneficial functions of bacteria that live in digestive tract

A

Production of vitamins - colon
Beneficial bacteria
Digestion - digest cellulose

77
Q

What is the ph of the contents of the small intestine?

A

Alkaline
(The enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions, but the food is acidic after being in the stomach. A substance called bile neutralises the acid to provide the alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine)

78
Q

Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine and name the secretions

A

Pancreas- pancreatic juice

Liver - bile

79
Q

Where in the human alimentary canal is the most water absorbed?

A

Colon

80
Q

Why is digestion necessary?

A

For absorption

Transport

81
Q

One digestive function of the pancreas

A

Produces enzymes

82
Q

What part of the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed into the blood?

A

Ileum

83
Q

What part of the digestive system is water absorbed into the blood?

A

Colon - large intestine

84
Q

Name a substance transported to the liver in the hepatic portal vein

A

Co2

85
Q

Name two associated glands of the human alimentary canal

A

Liver, Pancreas

86
Q

What is lipase?

A

Enzyme that digests lipids

87
Q

Give one part of the alimentary canal that secretes lipase and what is the approx pH at the site of lipase action?

A

Pancreas

7-9

88
Q

Draw and label digestive tract

A

Purple book page 30-31

Exam papers - pg 115

89
Q

Structure of Villi

A

Purple book - page 31

Exam papers - page 111

90
Q

From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum?

A

Stomach

91
Q

Draw a labelled diagram to show the relationship between the liver, the small intestine and the hepatic portal vein

A

Purple book - 31

92
Q

Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach

A

To the right

93
Q

Give one role that bole salts play in the digestive process

A

Emulsify lipids

Neutralising acid food

94
Q

Where is lipase secreted and where does it act?

A

Secreted - Pancreas

Act - Duodenum

95
Q

Name the part of the digestive system in which the products of digestion are absorbed into the blood

A

Ileum

96
Q

Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood

A

Difussion

97
Q

State the precise location of the liver in the human body

A

Upper abdomen

98
Q

What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal

A

Lipids

99
Q

What is the function of the blood capillaries in villi?

A

Absorb glucose and amino acids

Biology (36 decks)

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