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Structure Of Flowering Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

Anchors the plant in the soil
Absorbs water and mineral salts [root hairs]
Store food eg, carrots

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2
Q

What are the two types of roots?

A

Tap roots, fibrous roots

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3
Q

What is a tap root and give examples

A

Consists of a main root that develops from the initial root that emerged from the seed [radicle] eg, most dicots, dandelion and wallflower

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4
Q

What is a fibrous root and give examples

A

Formed when the radicle dies away, leaving a group of equal sized roots that emerge from the base of the stem eg, monocots, grasses and daffodils

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5
Q

What are adventitious roots and give examples

A

Roots that do not develop from the radicle, said to grow in strange places eg, fibrous roots, the roots at the base of an onion

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6
Q

What are the zones in a root?

A

Zone of protection
Meristems
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

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7
Q

What is the zone of protection?

A

The root cap protects the root cells as they push through the soil

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8
Q

What are the meristems and where are they found?

A

Allow plants to grow. Apical meristems, found in root tip and in shoot tip. Others found around edge of some plant stems, leaves and fruit

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9
Q

What is the zone of elongation?

A

New cells are formed by meristem they are small in this zone, plant growth regulators [auxins] stimulate cells to grow longer

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10
Q

What is the zone of differentiation

A

Elongated cells, which are similar, develop into different types of tissue

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11
Q

What are the three tissues found?

A

Dermal tissue, Ground tissue and Vascular tissue

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12
Q

What are the functions of the stems?

A

Support the aerial parts of the plant
Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves
Transport food from leaves to root
Sometimes stores food

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13
Q

What is the main part of the shoot?

A

Stem

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14
Q

What are herbaceous plants?

A

Plants that do not contain wood [or lignin]

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15
Q

What are woody plants?

A

Plants that contain wood [or lignin]

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16
Q

What are nodes?

A

The points where leaves emerge from

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17
Q

What is an internode?

A

The part of the stem between two nodes

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18
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

Found at the tip of the stem. Causes the stem to grow at growing tip.

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19
Q

What happens if an apical bud is removed?

A

If removed, low bushy plant will form

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20
Q

What is an axil?

A

Is the angle between a leaf and a stem

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21
Q

Where are axillary or lateral buds located?

A

At each axil

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22
Q

What do axillary or lateral buds do

A

These buds produce new growth such as branches or flowers

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23
Q

What are lenticels?

A

An opening for gas exchange [02 in, c02 out]

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24
Q

What is stomata?

A

An opening for gas exchange [c02 in 02 out]

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25
What does the distance between two sets of scale scars represent?
One year of growth
26
What are leaf scars?
Where the leaf has fallen
27
What will the apical bud do in winter
Produce following years growth
28
The tissue location in dicot stem, where is the xylem and phloem?
The phloem is on the outside, and the xylem is on the inside
29
What are the functions of leaves?
Leaves make food [photosynthesis] Exchange gases [take in co2, release o2] Leaves lose water [transpiration] Stores food [lettuce, cabbage often consumed by humans + animals]
30
What does transpiration in the leaf allow?
Allows fresh water and mineral salts to be taken into plant
31
Where are leaves attached to the stems?
At a node
32
What is a petiole?
Stalk of a leaf
33
What is a sessile
Leaves that do not have a petiole [joined directly to the stem]
34
What is lamina
Leaf blade - leaf is flattened
35
Where does the petiole continue
It continues through the lamina as the midrib
36
What emerges from the midrib?
Veins, and are clearly seen in lamina.
37
What parts of the leaf contains xylem and phloem
The petiole, midrib and veins
38
What does venation mean?
The patterns of veins
39
What is parallel venation and where would you find it?
Veins run alongside eachother eg, monocots
40
What is net/reticulate venation and where would you find it?
Veins that form a branching network throughout lamina eg, dicots
41
When meristematic tissue divides, what happens?
It produces new flow which differentiate
42
What are the functions of dermal tissue?
Protection Root hairs are extensions of the epidermis at root tips and are designed to absorb water and minerals The epidermis of leaves + most stems is coated with a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
43
What are the functions of ground tissue?
Photosynthesis, stores food and waste, gives strength and support to plant
44
What are the functions of vascular tissue?
Transport materials thoughout plant
45
What is xylem?
Xylem is a dead tissue that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
46
What are xylem tracheids?
Type of xylem that overlap and allow water to pass from tracheid to tracheid through thin parts of the walls called pits.
47
What are xylem vessels?
Type of xylem that are tubular structure formed when a number of cells join end to end. Their end walls break down to from a continuous tube, they have pits in their side walls to allow water to pass from one vessel to another
48
What is lignin?
It's a hard strong chemical found in plant cell walls which make the walls very strong
49
What are the differences between xylem tracheids and vessels?
Tracheids are more primitive than vessels
50
Where is xylem found?
In roots, stems, leaves and flowers in vascular bundles
51
What is phloem?
It's composed of sieve tubes and companion cells and it transports food made by photosynthesis in leaves to rest of plant
52
What are sieve tubes?
Long tubular structures that from when sieve tube elements join end to end The end walls develop pores which allow the passage of materials from one element to the other The end walls are known as sieve plates
53
What are the walls of the sieve tube elements made of?
Cellulose, lignin is not present
54
What is the function of sieve tubes?
Transport food made by photosynthesis from the leaves to rest of plant
55
What is the function of companion cells?
They control the activities of the sieve tube elements
56
Where is phloem found?
In vascular bundle of roots, stems, leaves and flowers
57
Monocot features
``` One cotyledon in the seed Mostly herbaceous plants Long and narrow + Parallel venation Vascular bundles are scattered Flowering parts arranged in groups of three ```
58
Dicot features
Two cotyledons in each seed May be herbaceous or woody Net venation and broad leaves Vascular bundles are arranged in ring around inside of stem Flowering parts are arranged in groups of fours or fives
59
What is a cotyledon?
It is a leaf in the seed specialised for food storage
60
Differences between xylem and phloem
Xylem is dead; phloem is alive Xylem carries water and miners ; phloem carries food Xylem has lignin ; phloem does not Xylem has no companion cells, phloem does Xylem has no nucleus, phloem
61
Which tissue has different location in young root?
Vascular
62
Why is it desirable to cut the section as thinly as possible?
To ensure light an pass through
63
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - How did you prepare this section
Cut short thin section of stem using wet scalpel and place in petri dish of water
64
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - Why are herbaceous plants used?
They are easier to cut
65
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - Why do you wet the blade?
To reduce friction
66
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - Safety precaution
Cut the stem away from fingers to prevent injury
67
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - Why are the cut sections stored in a Petri dish?
To prevent them dehydrating
68
Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticles
Carbon dioxide, Water
69
Where precisely is the vascular tissue found in roots?
In the centre
70
Draw labelled diagram to show the detailed structure of the two vascular tissues of plants
Phloem and xylem vessel
71
Which of the two vascular tissues is composed of living cells?
Phloem
72
What is the function of meristematic tissue?
Mitosis
73
What is meant by the term “monocotyledonous”
One seed leaf
74
Name the structure that are scattered in monocot stem
Vascular bundles
75
How do you know from the diagram that the section is taking from a stem?
More than one vascular bundle
76
How do you know from the diagram that the section is taken from a monocot?
Vascular bundles are scattered
77
How do you know from the diagram that the section is taken from a root?
Only one vascular bundle
78
How do you know from the diagram that the section is taken from a dicot?
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
79
Describe in detail how you prepared a microscope slide of a transverse section of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant?
- Cut short thin section of stem using a wet blade to reduce friction away from hand to prevent injury - store the cut sections of stem in Petri dish of water to prevent dehydration and then transfer thin section to microscope slide using forceps. - add a few drops of water and coverslip at an angle to eliminate air bubbles
80
The walls of vessel and tracheids are reinforced with hard material, what is it?
Lignin
81
Where precisely is this vascular tissue [xylem] found in the stem of a young dicot plant?
Vascular bundles
82
In which of the tissues are sugars mainly transported?
Phloem
83
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - What did you use to cut the section?
Blade
84
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - How did you support the stem while you were cutting the section?
Using hand
85
In relation to an investigation you carried out to prepare and examine with a microscope a transverse section of a dicot stem - How did you transfer the section to a microscope slide?
Forceps
86
What is the function of stoma?
Allow gas exchange and transpiration
87
Name a carbohydrate you’d expect to find in the modified leaves of the onion?
Starch
88
Name a factor that influences the diameter of stoma?
Co2 concentration

Biology (36 decks)

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