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Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which types of cell division occur during production of female gamete?

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Which types of cell division occur during production of male gamete?

A

Meiosis

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3
Q

Give the precise location of the production of the female gamete

A

Graafian follicle

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4
Q

Give the precise location of fertilisation under normal circumstances

A

Fallopian tube [oviduct]

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5
Q

Name the next stage of development following the formation of the zygote

A

Morula

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6
Q

Explain the term in vitro growth

A

Fusion of male and female gametes outside of the body [in glass]

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7
Q

Suggest a reason why in IVF there is a removal of several eggs?

A

Maximise chances of implantation

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8
Q

Identify germ layer from which skin of the developing embryo arises

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

From which tissues does the placenta form?

A

Endometrium [uterine] and chorionic [embyronic]

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10
Q

Give two reasons why the blood of the mother and baby should not mix

A

Blood groups of mother and baby might not be compatible

The blood pressure of the mothers system may cause damage to embryo

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11
Q

State three functions of the placenta

A

Ensures blood of mother and embryo do not mix
Produces hormones such as progesterone
Provides food to baby

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12
Q

State one change that occurs in the endometrium and the approximate days of the menstrual cycle on which it occurs

A

Day 1-5, endometrium breaks down

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13
Q

State one change that occurs in the ovary during the female menstrual cycle and state the approx days of the cycle on which it occurs

A

Ovulation

Days 13-15

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14
Q

Where in the body are FSH and LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

State the role of FSH in female reproduction system

A

Stimulates follicle to develop

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16
Q

State the role of LH in female reproduction system

A

Stimulates ovulation

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17
Q

Name two hormones other than FSH and LH that play a role in the menstrual cycle and give their role

A

Oestrogen -causes endometrium to build up

Progesterone - maintains thickening of endometrium

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18
Q

Where does meiosis occur in the male reproductive system?

A

Testes

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19
Q

Give a function of one named gland of the male reproduction system

A

Cowper’s gland - secretes seminal fluid

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20
Q

The middle piece of the sperm contains many mitochondria. Why does a sperm fell need so many mitochondria?

A

Energy needed to swim long distance

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21
Q

The middle piece of the sperm contains many mitochondria. Mitochondria are inherited exclusively from the mother, suggest a reason why this is the case

A

Only head of sperm enters the egg

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22
Q

State the survival times of the egg and sperm in the female body

A

Egg > up to 2 days

Sperm > up to 7 days

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23
Q

In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes that distinguish the sexes but are not essential for reproduction. To what term does the definition in italics refer?

A

Secondary sexual characteristics

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24
Q

What term is used for the time in a young persons life when physical changes that distinguish sexes takes place?

A

Puberty

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25
Q

Name the hormone that maintains secondary sexual characteristics throughout the life of a male

A

Testosterone

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26
Q

Where does meiosis occur in female reproductive system?

A

Ovary

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27
Q

Where does zygote formation occur in female reproduction system?

A

Oviduct

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28
Q

Where does implantation occur in female reproductive system?

A

Uterus

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29
Q

By which type of cell division does the human zygote divide?

A

Mitosis

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30
Q

Further divisions of the zygote result in what?

A

A morula

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31
Q

What is the next development stage after the morula?

A

Blastocyst

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32
Q

Give one change experiences by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is starting

A

Contractions

Water breaks - amniotic fluid

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33
Q

Give a short account of the birth process

A

Contractions of uterus pushes foetus towards cervix which causes it to dilate. Contractions also cause amnion to break, releasing amniotic fluid
The foetus passes through cervix, head first. Umbilical cord is tied and cut, leaves scar which will eventually become the belly button
The baby is born, uterus contracts again to expel after birth [umbilical cord and placenta]

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34
Q

Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo and for each germ layer, name a structure in the adult body that develops from it

A

Ectoderm - skin
Endoderm - inner lining of digestive system
Mesoderm - muscles

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35
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Membrane that surrounds embryo

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36
Q

Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus

A

Protects embryo

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37
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm cells and seminal fluid

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38
Q

Where do sperm cells produce?

A

Testis

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39
Q

Where do sperm cells mature?

A

Epidydimis

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40
Q

Where do sperm cells mix with fluid

A

Sperm duct

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41
Q

Where is semen transported?

A

Urethra

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42
Q

State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male

A

Enlargement of larynx, growth of pubic, facial and body hair, widening of shoulders, increased secretion of sebum oil

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43
Q

Give an account of the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle

A

Oestrogen - builds up/thickens wall of endometrium, inhibits FSH and stimulates LSH production

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44
Q

Give an account of the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A

Maintenance of thickening of endometrium, inhibits FSH and LH production

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45
Q

Name a human female menstrual disorder and give a possible cause and treatment

A

Fibroids
Cause - UNCERTAIN, may be due to abnormal response to oestrogen
can occur in women taking contraceptive pill
Treatment -
small fibroids - no treatment, monitor growth
large fibroids - removed by surgery or in extreme cases, hysterectomy which is the removal of the uterus

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46
Q

What is a morula?

A

It’s a solid ball of cells produced after mitosis of zygote

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47
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

Fluid filled [hollow] ball of cells produced after mitosis of morula

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48
Q

Which part of the system is influenced both by FSH and LH

A

Ovary

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49
Q

Give two biological advantages to breastfeeding

A

Colostrum and breast milk provides baby with essential antibodies
Ideal balance of nutrients for baby
Has little fat - easier to digest for baby
May help reduce the risk of breast cancer for her mother

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50
Q

Graph of changes in levels of two hormones and endometrium during menstrual cycle

A

Page 160 of exam papers

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51
Q

Name the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

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52
Q

Where is sperm stored in the male reproductive system?

A

Epididymis

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53
Q

Stage two functions of testosterone

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

Sperm production

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54
Q

Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure

A

Cause - low sperm count as a result of drugs, alcohol, stress
Corrective - changing lifestyle

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55
Q

What is menstruation

A

Shredding of endometrium in absence of fertilisation

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56
Q

Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male?

A

Testis

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57
Q

State two ways in which sperm differ from ova

A 
Size
Sperm - smaller [smallest in human]
Ovum - large 
Shape
Sperm - straight - head middle and tail
Ovum - rounded
58
Q

Name a gland that secreted seminal fluid

A

Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
Seminal vesicles

59
Q

State a function of seminal fluid

A

Allows sperm to swim

Provides nutrients [fructose]

60
Q

What is meant by contraception?

A

Prevention of conception

61
Q

Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception and suggest an advantage or disadvantage of the method you have named

A

Vasectomy - sperm ducts are cut and tied
Advantage - avoids side effects of hormonal contraception
Single procedure
Simple operation
Disadvantage - not easily reversed, no protection against STI’s

62
Q

List three methods of contraception

A

Mechanical - use of condoms
Chemical - use of the ‘pill’ which contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevents ovulation and hence, conception
Chemical - use of spermicide

63
Q

Suggest a possible effect on human population that may result from an increased availability of contraception

A

Decrease in population - less conception
Improved social conditions
Decrease in STI’s

64
Q

What is the function of the Vas deferens (sperm duct)?

A

Carries sperm to urethra

65
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle, cowpers gland and prostate gland?

A

Secrete seminal fluid

66
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Stores sperm

67
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Holds testis and keeps it cool at 35 degrees celcius

68
Q

Why are the testes kept at 35 degrees celcius?

A

Its the optimum temperature for production of sperm

69
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

It introduces sperm into female reproduction system

70
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carries urine and semen out of body

71
Q

What is the function of the Testis?

A

Produces sperm by meiosis

Secretes testosterone

72
Q

Diagram of male reproductive system

A 
Pg 336 (answers in copy)
Purple book
73
Q

State the ideal temperature for sperm production?

A

Slightly lower than 35 degrees celcius

74
Q

Name four parts of male reproductive system that help make semen

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowpers gland
Testis

75
Q

Name two liquids that pass through the urethra

A

Urine, Semen

76
Q

What is a gohad?

A

It is an organ that produces sex cells

77
Q

What is the female gohad?

A

Ovary

78
Q

What is the male gohad?

A

Testis

79
Q

What is the function of acrosome of sperm cell?

A

Contains digestive enzymes which digest the egg membrane

80
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a sperm cell?

A

Contains 23 chromosomes

81
Q

What is the function of the collar in the sperm cell?

A

Contains mitochondria - provides energy for sperm to swim

82
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Allows sperm to swim

83
Q 
What is found in the 
i) head
ii)middle
iii)tail
of a sperm cell?
A

i) Acrosome and nucleus
ii) Collar
iii) Flagellum

84
Q

What is the term given to male hormones?

A

Androgens

85
Q

What is the function of FSH in the male reproduction system?

A

stimulates sperm cells to divide by mitosis to produce sperm

86
Q

What is the function of LH in the male reproduction system?

A

stimulates the testes to produce testosterone

87
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Features that distinguish males from females apart from sex organs themselves

88
Q

Are sperm and egg producing cells haploid or diploid and how do you know?

A

Diploid

They contain 46 chromosomes

89
Q

Are sperm and egg cells haploid or diploid and how do you know?

A

Egg and sperm producing cells divided my meiosis to produce egg and sperm cells and have haploid number of 23 chromosomes each

90
Q

What is produced when an egg and sperm cell fuse and why?

A

Diploid zygote - both sperm and egg nucleus are haploid with 23 chromosomes each

91
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Produces the egg and hormones oestrogen and progestrone

92
Q

What is the function of fallopian tube?

A

Site of fertilisation

Transports egg from ovary to uterus

93
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Site of implantation

Contains endrometrium - form placenta

94
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Allows entry of sperm and exit of baby at birth

95
Q

Give examples of female secondary sexual characteristics

A

Maturing and enlargement of breasts
Widening of pelvis to allow for birth
Growth of pubic and underarm hair

96
Q

What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

97
Q

Give an account of the changes in the ovary during the menstrual cycle

A

Ovaries contains all potential eggs - diploid
After puberty, a number of eggs are produced by meiosis each month and usually only one egg grows and rest die
Divided by meiosis - Graafian follicle which produces oestrogen
When mature, follicle bursts at ovulation to release egg
After ovulation, follicle fills with yellow cells and becomes corpus luteum which secretes progesterone

98
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The 28 day sequence of events that produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy

99
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin and end in a persons life?

A

Begins - puberty

Ends - menopause

100
Q

What happens on days 1-5 in the menstrual cycle

A
  • old endometrium sheds which is known as menstruation

- new egg is produced in ovary by meiosis and the new egg is surrounded by Graafian follicle [stim by FSH]

101
Q

What happens on days 6-14 in the menstrual cycle?

A

-hormone oestrogen is produced by developing graafian follicle
oestrogen causes linen to build up again to prepare for implantation
stim secretion of LH and inhibits sec of FSH

102
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs when Graafian follicle bursts to release egg into the Fallopian tube [stim by LH]

103
Q

What happens days 14-28 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
Progesterone - maintains thickening of endometrium
If fertilisation does not take place, the corpus luteum starts to degenerate around day 22 which results in a reduction of progesterone levels.
As a result, the endometrium breaks down again on day 28

104
Q

What is the fertile period in the menstrual cycle?

A

Days 12-16

105
Q

How come the fertile period begins on day 12, despite the fact ovulation doesn’t occur until day 14?

A

Sperm can survive for a long period of time in female body, therefore on day 12 it may already be in the body

106
Q

What is copulation?

A

Sexual intercourse

107
Q

What are the stages of copulation?

A 
Sexual arousal
Sexual intercourse
Orgasm
Ejaculation
Insemination
108
Q

What does sexual arousal cause?

A

Penis becomes erect due to increased blood flow into spongy tissue, and can now be inserted into the vagina
Vagina is lubricated, elongated and wider in females

109
Q

What is an orgasm and what occurs during an orgasm?

A

Climax in sexual arousal

Pelvic floor of Male and female contract and heart rates, blood pressure rises

110
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

The propelling of semen from the penis due to sexual arousal

111
Q

What causes ejaculation?

A

Contraction of epididymis, sperm ducts, glands and urethra in males

112
Q

What is insemination?

A

The release of semen into the vagina at the cervix

113
Q

What are chemotaxins?

A

If ovulation has occurred and egg is present, it releases a chemical to attract sperm

114
Q

Many speak die in the female reproduction system, why?

A

Acidic conditions in vagina
May be attacked by WBC’s as foreign bodies
May enter the wrong Fallopian tube

115
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes to from a diploid zygote

116
Q

How do sperm cells prevent other sperm cells entering the egg?

A

Sperm loses tail and the head enters egg

A chemical reaction occurs at membrane which prevents other sperm cells entering

117
Q

What is implantation?

A

It’s the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

118
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

6-9 days after fertilisation

119
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A

Acts as a shock absorber

120
Q

What occurs after implantation?

A

Placenta formation

121
Q

During the embryonic development, when does the heart, brain and umbilical cord form?

A

Week 4

122
Q

When do the internal organs and limbs form during the development of the embryo?

A

Week 5

123
Q

When do the eyes, nose, mouth and ears form during embyronic development?

A

Week 6

124
Q

What week during the embryonic development can you tell the sex it the baby and why?

A

Week 8

Major body organs are formed, including ovaries and tested are visible

125
Q

In what week of embyronic development, when does the embryo become a foetus?

A

Week 8

126
Q

What is gestation?

A

Length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth

127
Q

What is ossification and when does it occur?

A

Growth of bones to replace cartilage

Week 8

128
Q

What hormones are produced throughout pregnancy?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

129
Q

What produces progesterone in the first three months of pregnancy and then for the rest of the 6 months?

A

three months - corpus luteum

rest - placenta

130
Q

Where is oxytocin produced?

A

The pituitary gland

131
Q

What is the function of oxytocin and when is it secreted?

A

Immediately before birth

Causes further contractions of uterus

132
Q

What is lactation?

A

Secretion of milk from mammary glands

133
Q

What is birth control?

A

Methods employed to limit the number of children that are born

134
Q

What are the four different types of contraception?

A

Mechanical
Chemical
Surgical
Natural

135
Q

How can natural contraception be employed?

A

Not having intercourse during fertile period of menstrual cycle

136
Q

How can you identify time of ovulation?

A

Monitoring body temperature [rises slightly after ovulation]

Mucous secreted in the cervix [which changes its texture after ovulation]

137
Q

What is infertility?

A

It’s the inability of a couple to achieve conception

138
Q

What is one method of treating infertility between a couple, other than chemical?

A

IVF

139
Q

How does the woman release more than one egg during IVF?

A

Drugs are given to the female to stimulate ovaries to produce more than one egg

140
Q

Explain IVF

A

Mother takes drugs to stimulate ovaries to produce more than one egg
Eggs of mother are taken from female body into the lab
Sperm sample is taken from male
Egg and sperm are mixed together in hope that fertilisation will occur
once it forms a [zygote - morula] blastocyst and eventually an embryo, it’s placed back into the females body for implantation

141
Q

What are fibroids?

A

They are benign tumours of the uterus as a result of the over production of cells

142
Q

What are the symptoms of fibroids?

A

Produce heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding [lead to anemia, pain, miscarriage or infertility]

Biology (36 decks)

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