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Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 3-carbon molecule that is an intermediate compound in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvic Acid

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2
Q

What name is given to the biochemical pathway by which this intermediate compound is produced?

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

What is produced from the intermediate compound in the muscle?

A

Lactic acid

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4
Q

What is produced from the intermediate compound when oxygen is not available in yeast

A

Ethanol

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5
Q

What compound has 6 carbon atoms?

A

Glucose

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6
Q

What compound has 3 carbon atoms?

A

Pyruvic Acid

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7
Q

What compound has 2 carbon atoms?

A

Acetyl coA

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8
Q

Give two functions of water in yeast cells

A

Solvent and for transport

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9
Q

Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells

A

High-energy molecule

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10
Q

Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells

A

Photosynthesis, Respiration

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11
Q

Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be broken under anaerobic conditions in cells

A

Lactic Acid, Ethanol

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12
Q

What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate may be broken down under aerobic conditions

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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13
Q

Describe the fate under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A

A

Enters Krebs Cycle

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14
Q

Make three points concerning Metabolism

A
  • Sum of all the chemical reactions in the body
  • Controlled by enzymes
  • Anabolic (Adding of small molecules to from large molecules) and Catabolic (Breaking down of large molecules into smaller molecules) are types
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15
Q

Make three points concerning the Krebs cycle

A
  • Second stage of respiration
  • occurs when oxygen is present
  • ATP is produced
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16
Q

Make three points concerning ADP

A
  • Adenosine DiPhosphate
  • Low energy molecule
  • ATP formed from ADP + P
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17
Q

Explain the term fermentation

A

Anaerobic Respiration

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18
Q

Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation

A

Yeast

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19
Q

Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in yeast fermentation

A

Glucose

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20
Q

Give two differences, other than location, between stage one and stage two

A

Stage one is anaerobic, Stage two is aerobic

Stage one produces small amount of ATP, Stage two produces large amount of ATP

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21
Q

Where in the cell does stage one occur?

A

Cytosol

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22
Q

Where in the cell does stage two occur?

A

Matrix of Mitochondria

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23
Q

What term is used to describe respiration in which only stage one occurs?

A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

Name a chemical end product of Anaerobic Respiration

A

Ethanol

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25
Q

In what molecule, is the energy stored in the cell in stage two when electrons pass along an electron transport chain?

A

ATP

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26
Q

To what are the electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen and H+

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27
Q

Name the substance formed by the loss of a phosphate group from ATP

A

ADP

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28
Q

What keeps the ATP cycle going?

A

Energy

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29
Q

Suggest a role for NAD/NADP+ in cell activities

A

Transfering electrons

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30
Q

If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the second stage of the reaction takes place, what is this organelle?

A

Mitochondrion

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31
Q

Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound

A

Acetyl Co-EnzymeA

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32
Q

Acetyl group passes directly into a series of reactions in the second stage of respiration. Name this series of reactions and give one product, other than electrons, of these reactions

A

Krebs Cycle

Products : ATP, CO2, H+

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33
Q

In the electron transport chain, to what use is the energy put?

A

To form ATP

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34
Q

At the end of the electron transport chain, what happens to the electrons?

A

Transfered to Oxygen and H+

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35
Q

Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

36
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm without organelles

37
Q

Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration

A
  • Lack of Oxygen
  • Exercise
  • Restricted blood supply
38
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

39
Q

What is the role of ATP in cells?

A

Stores energy in cells

40
Q

To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration?

A

Pyruvate

41
Q

In aerobic respiraton, the product of the first stage moves to the mitochondrion. Outline subsequent events in the total breakdown of this product

A
  • Acetyl Coenzyme A enters series of reactions known as the Krebs Cycle
  • Requires Oxygen
  • Combines with 4C compound to form a 6C
  • When 6C formed, Coenzyme A is recycled
  • Regenerate 4C compound, removal of 2CO2 and 4 hydrogen pairs
  • ATP produced
  • NAD+ collects the H pairs and 4NADH are formed
  • NADH enters electron transport chain and at the end of each system, the low energy molecule is removed by combining oxygen and hydrogen to from water
42
Q

Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a small molecule is released. Name this small molecule

A

Carbon Dioxide

43
Q

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic - Requires Oxygen

Anaerobic - Does not require Oxygen

44
Q

During glycolysis, a small amount of energy is released. Explain the role of ADP in relation to this released energy

A

Combines with phosphate and forms ATP

45
Q

When Lactic Acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid?

A

Increase breathing (Deeper or faster)

46
Q

Distinguish between internal and external respiration

A

External Resp -process of gas exchange with environment or breathing
Interal Resp - Relase of energy from food using enzymes

47
Q

Why is respiration essential to living things?

A

Provides energy for all reactions in a cell such as movement of muscles, growth of new cells

48
Q

What is respiration?

A

Controlled release of energy from food

49
Q

What controls respiration?

A

Enzymes

50
Q

What happens to any energy not uses to make ATP?

A

Lost as heat

51
Q

How is respiration a relatively efficient method of obtaining energy?

A

About 40% of the energy in glucose is converted to ATP during aerobic respiration

52
Q

What is the product of Glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

53
Q

What is pyruvic acid?

A

organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.

54
Q

Describe stage one of respiration

A
  • Glucose, a six carbon sugar is converted to two 3 carbon sugars - pyruvic acid
  • No oxygen is required, some of the energy released forms ATP molecules but most of the energy is used to form NADH
55
Q

What is most of the energy released used to form in first stage

A

Some of it is - ATP

Most of it is used to form - NADH

56
Q

Why does stage two occur in the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

Necessary enzymes are found here

57
Q

How is the Acetyl group formed from the Pyruvic acid?

A

Removal of CO2 molecule

58
Q

Describe how the acetyl co enzyme A is formed

A
  • If O2 is present, the pyruvic acid enters mitochondrion
  • Loses CO2 molecule to form a 2-Carbon molecule - Acetyl group
  • Co-enzyme A links to acetyl group and forms acteyl co enzme A
59
Q

Describe how NADH is formed

A

Pyruvic acid loses 2 high energy electrons that combine with NAD+ and a proton to form NADH

60
Q

What is the fate of NADH

A

Electron Transport System

61
Q

In what stage is NADH formed?

A

Stage two

62
Q

Distinguish between the location of the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

A

Krebs Cycle - Matrix of Mitochondrion

Electron Transport Chain - Cristae of Mitochondrion

63
Q

Describe the Electron Transport Chain

A
  • NADH enters
  • Christae of mitochondrion
  • Oxygen is necessary
  • High energy electrons are passed from NADH to the molecules
  • As electrons pass from molecule to molecule they lose some energy which is used to form ATP
  • End, low energy electron is removed by combining with Oxygen and hydrogen to form water
64
Q

What is the name given to the production of ATP by electron transport chain?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

65
Q

What is the main significance of electron transport system?

A

It produces energy rich ATP

66
Q

Why is oxygen essential in electron transport chain?

A

It accepts the low energy electron at the end of the chain

67
Q

If oxygen is absent, why would aerboic organisms die?

A

There is no oxygen to accept low energy electron and no ATP is formed - no energy for all cell reactions

68
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Why did you sterilise all the glassware before the experiment?

A

To prevent contamination of micro-organisms

69
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Name the substrate used in this experiment

A

Glucose

70
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
What product, other than ethanol, was formed during fermentation

A

Carbon dioxide

71
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
How did you know when the fermentation process was finished?

A

Bubbles stop forming

72
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
How did you test for the presence of ethanol? Describe the result of this test if ethanol is present

A

Test - potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid

Result - turns green if alcohol present

73
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Why is the solution in the conical flask boiled?

A

To eliminate gases from solution - form anaerobic conditions

74
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Why is the liquid in the flask covered with oil?

A

To prevent oxygen from re entering the solution

75
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
What’s the control of this experiment?

A

Don’t add yeast cells

76
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Describe how you prepared the alcohol

A

Prepare glucose solution - glucose dissolved in water
Boil solution in conical flask for 5 mins - eliminates gases to create anaerobic conditions
When cooled, add dried yeast
Cover liquid in flask with oil [prevent oxygen re entering solution]
Set up apparatus
Co2 is produced which turn limewater from clear to milky
Control - do same without adding yeast cells

77
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
How do you show alcohol is produced?

A

Filter solution [remove yeast cells]
Add potassium dichromate solution into a test tube [note orange colour]
Add filtered solution into test tube
Add concentrated sulfuric acid to test tube
Warm test tube gently in beaker of hot water and turns from orange to green

78
Q

What are the products of glycolysis and how are they formed?

A

ATP (ADP + P)

NADH (NAD+ + H+)

79
Q

How many atps formed from glycolysis

A

Net gain of 2 ATP’S

80
Q

When the pyruvic acid is broken down to AcetylCoA, what is released?

A

CO2

pair of hydrogen atoms which combine with NAD+ to form NADH

81
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

To make as many NADH molecules as possible

82
Q

How was NADH formed in the krebs cycle?

A

Removal of hydrogen atoms

83
Q

-investigation to prepare and show the production of ethanol using yeast -
Why were the solutions to test for alcohol added after a certain period of time

A

to test for the presence of alcohol in the product

84
Q

How do you know fermentation has ceased and why does fermentation eventually cease?

A

No more bubbles given off

Alcohol kills the yeast/ all sugar is used up and reaction can no longer occur.

85
Q

Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration which is not a product of fermentation

A

Water

Biology (36 decks)

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