Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT > The Knee Joint > Flashcards

The Knee Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of reason for knee injury?

A

acute injuries:

  • present to A&E
  • sports, falls in the elderly
  • fractures and tears/sprain of soft tissues

chronic knee pain/swelling:

  • often seen by GP
  • osteoarthritis, bursitis

atraumatic acute swelling/pain:

  • present to A&E
    acute gout, flare of osteoarthritis, septic joint
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 different components of the knee that could be injured?

A

bony injuries:

fractures of the patella, tibia or distal femur

dislocations

soft tissue injuries:

meniscal tears or ligament tears/rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do fractures of the patella, tibia or distal femur tend to occur?

A
  1. traumatic
  2. osteoporotic bone - low energy forces can cause fracture
  3. peri-prosthetic (around a prosthesis)

dislocation of the whole knee joint is uncommon and catastrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of meniscal tears?

A
  1. due to acute injury/trauma
  2. due to chronic wear & tear and degeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Which bones make up the knee joint?

A

It is a synovial hinge joint

It consists of:

  1. distal femur
  2. proximal tibia
  3. patella

The fibula is NOT associated with the knee joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 articulations involved with the knee joint?

A

2 femorotibial

this is the articulation between the femoral condyles and tibial condyles

1 femoropatellar

this is the articulation between the posterior patella and anterior surface of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fit like at the knee joint?

Why?

A

The tibial plateau is a poor fit for the rounded femoral condyles

This is because the tibial plateau is flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Label the components of the knee joint

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What structure helps to make the fit of the knee joint better?

A

menisci

these are wedge-shaped plates of fibrocartilage that sit on top of the tibial plateaus

they deepen the tibial articular surface to receive the rounded femoral condyles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is the knee joint most stable and least stable?

Why?

A

Most stable during extension:

this is when there is the best possible fit between the femur and tibia

Least stable during flexion:

this is when there is the least congruence between the tibia and the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Label the diagram as if you were looking down onto the inside of a left knee

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where do the menisci attach to?

Where are they thicker?

A

The external edges attach to the fibrous capsule of the joint

They are crescent shaped discs of fibrocartilage that are ticker at the external margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 functions of the menisci?

A
  1. increase joint congruency
  2. distribute weight evenly throughout the joint
  3. shock absorption
  4. assist in locking mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Label the 6 types of meniscal tear

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What tends to cause meniscal tears?

What is the damage associated with?

A

caused by injury or degenerative changes

damage associated with development of osteoarthritis in later life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can meniscal tears cause?

What is the treatment?

A

displaced cartilage can become trapped during knee movements

this causes pain or locking

treatment is by repair or resection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What components involved in stability are represented by the red, green and blue lines?

A

red:

intra-articular ligaments (inside the joint)

green:

extra-articular ligaments (outside the joint)

blue:

surrounding muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the ‘intra-articular’ ligaments of the knee?

A

cruciate ligaments

there is an anterior and a posterior cruciate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ‘extra-articular’ ligaments?

A

collateral ligaments

there is a fibular and a tibial collateral ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Label the 2 ligaments

What is their main function?

A

they sit in a crossed fashion inside the joint and prevent lateral displacement of the femur and tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the origin and attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

it attaches to the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia

it travels supero-anteriorly to insert onto the medial femoral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the attachment and insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

it attaches to the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia

it travels supero-posteriorly to attach to the lateral femoral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which cruciate ligament is stronger?

A

the posterior cruciate ligament is STRONGER than the anterior cruciate ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Label the cruciate ligaments as if looking down inside a left knee

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Label the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A
  1. prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
  2. prevents hyperflexion
  3. main stabiliser of the flexed knee when weight bearing e.g. walking downhill
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When does the posterior cruciate ligament tend to be damaged?

A

when landing on the tibial tuberosity with the knee flexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A
  1. prevents anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
  2. prevents hyperextension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When does the anterior cruciate ligament tend to be damaged?

A

when the knee is hyperextended or force is applied anteriorly

30
Q

Label the ligaments of the knee joint

A
31
Q

What is an alternative name for the lateral collateral ligament?

What is its function?

A

fibular collateral ligament

it prevents adduction of the leg at the knee

32
Q

What is another name for the medial collateral ligament?

What is its function?

A

tibial collateral ligament

it prevents abduction of the leg at the knee

33
Q

How do the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments differ?

A

fibular collateral ligament:

this is a cord-like band that is NOT attached to the meniscus

tibial collateral ligament:

this is a flat band that is attached to the meniscus

34
Q

What is the main consequence of the tibial collateral ligament being attached to the meniscus?

A

if the ligament tears, this often also leads to a tear in the meniscus

35
Q

What is meant by the “unhappy triad” of combined knee injuries?

A
  1. torn anterior cruciate ligament
  2. torn tibial collateral ligament
  3. torn medial meniscus
36
Q

When does the “unhappy triad” combined knee injury tend to occur?

A

it is caused by excessive lateral twisting of the flexed knee

or

blow to the lateral side of the extended knee

37
Q

What movements are shown?

A
38
Q

How does the femur move in flexion and extension of the hip?

A

the femur comes towards the trunk in flexion of the hip

the femur moves away from the trunk in extension of the hip

39
Q

What are the 4 muscles that make up quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  1. vastus medialis
  2. vastus lateralis
  3. vastus intermedius
  4. rectus femoris
40
Q

Where to the vastus intermedius originate from and run to?

What is significant about its tendon?

A

it originates from the anterior part of the femur

its tendon runs over the patella and inserts on the tibial tuberosity

the tendon that runs over the patella is the quadriceps tendon (connects muscle to bone)

it becomes the patellar ligament after passing over the patella (connects bone to bone)

41
Q

Where do vastus medialis and vastus lateralis originate and insert?

A

they arise from the linea aspera on the posterior aspect of the femur

they converge on the quadriceps tendon

42
Q

Where does rectus femoris originate and insert?

How is it positioned relative to the vasti?

A

it originates from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

it inserts onto the quadriceps tendon

it runs superficial to the vastus intermedius

43
Q

What is the function of quadriceps femoris?

A

all 4 muscles extend the knee joint when they contract

they pull the tibial tuberosity towards the femur

44
Q

What is the additional action of rectus femoris?

A

it extends the knee joint and contributes to flexion of the hip

45
Q

Why is quadriceps femoris important in stabilising the knee joint?

A

the quads are active any time when standing as the knee is extended

46
Q

label the quadriceps muscles

A
47
Q

Other than the quadriceps muscles, what other muscles form part of the anterior compartment?

A
  1. iliopsoas
  2. pectineus
  3. sartorius
48
Q

What is the origin and insertion of iliopsoas?

A

psoas major:

originates at the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae

iliacus:
originates at the iliac fossa

They converge on a common tendon (iliopsoas) that inserts on the lesser trochanter

49
Q

What is the function of iliopsoas?

A

it is the main flexor of the hip

it pulls the lesser trochanter towards the trunk when it contracts

50
Q

What is the insertion and origin of pectineus?

A

it originates at the superior pubic ramus

it inserts close to the lesser trochanter

51
Q

What is the function of pectineus?

A

it helps with flexion of the hip

52
Q

What is the insertion and origin of sartorius?

Why is it easily recognisable?

A

it originates at the ASIS, comes across the thigh and inserts on the medial tibia

it is easily recognisable as it runs on a diagonal across the thigh

53
Q

What is the function of sartorius?

A

flexion of the hip joint and flexion of the knee joitn

54
Q

What is the nerve supply (and spinal roots) of the anterior compartment muscles?

A

femoral nerve

this is formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves from L2 - L4

55
Q

label the muscles of the anterior thigh

A
56
Q

What are the 4 medial compartment muscles?

What is their function?

A
  1. adductor brevis
  2. adductor longus
  3. adductor magnus
  4. gracilis

they are adductors of the thigh

57
Q

What is the insertion and origin of the 3 adductor muscles?

(brevis, longus, magnus)

A

they originate from the pubic bone and inferior pubic ramus

they come across in a diagonal oblique direction to insert on the femur

this allows them to adduct the hip when they contract

58
Q

How are the 3 adductor muscles arranged?

A

adductor brevis and longus are smaller than magnus and lie on top of each other nearer to the hip

longus is more superficial than brevis

59
Q

What is the innervation of the medial compartment muscles?

A

obturator nerve (L2 - L4)

60
Q

what is the insertion and origin of gracilis?

how is it identified and what is its function?

A

it originates at the medial part of the pelvis and inserts onto the tibia

it is long and thin and the most medial muscle in the leg

it is a weak adductor

61
Q

label the medial thigh muscles

A
62
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

superior border

inguinal ligament

medial border

medial border of the adductor longus muscle

lateral border

medial border of the sartorius muscle

63
Q

Label the borders of the femoral triangle

A
64
Q

What structures form the floor of the femoral triangle?

A
  1. iliopsoas
  2. pectineus
  3. adductor longus
65
Q

What important structures run through the femoral triangle?

Why are they susceptible to injury?

A
  1. femoral nerve
  2. femoral artery
  3. femoral vein

the femoral artery and vein are superficial so are vulnerable to injury and stab wounds

66
Q

What is meant by ‘locking’ of the knee?

A

as the joint approaches full extension, the femur undergoes a few degrees of medial rotation on the tibia

this is a stable position that allows the thigh muscles to relax

67
Q

How is the knee “unlocked”?

A

the popliteus muscle contracts to laterally rotate the femur

68
Q

What injury is shown?

A

patellar dislocation

69
Q

Label the bursae of the knee

A
70
Q

What is meant by bursitis?

A

inflammation of the bursa around the knee

these are fluid-filled sacs located between points of friction

71
Q

What is meant by ‘bowing of the legs’ or being ‘knock-kneed’?

A
72
Q

What are following changes observed in osteoarthritis?

A

Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT (69 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions