Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT > A1 - Pectoral Girdle & Shoulder > Flashcards

A1 - Pectoral Girdle & Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 components does the bone framework for the shoulder consist of?

A
  1. pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula) 2. proximal end of the humerus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

the clavicle and the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 superficial muscles of the shoulder?

A

trapezius and deltoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is significant about the acromedial (lateral) end of the clavicle? What feature is present there?

A

it is flat it has a small oval facet for articulation with the acromion of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the shape of the sternal (medial) end of the clavicle like? What feature is present there?

A

It is more robust and quadrangular in shape It has a large facet for articulation with the manubrium of the sternum and first costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the distinct tuberosity on the inferior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle?

A

the conoid tubercle along with the trapezoid line, this forms the attachment for the coracoclavicular ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Label the clavicle

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 angles, 3 borders, 2 surfaces and 3 processes of the scapula?

A

Angles - lateral, superior, inferior

Borders - superior, lateral, medial

Surfaces - costal, posterior

Processes - acromion, spine, coracoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Label the borders and angles of the scapula

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Label the features of the scapula

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lateral angle of the scapula marked by?

What does this feature articulate with?

A

it is marked by the glenoid cavity

this articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the spine of the scapula subdivide the posterior surface of the scapula into?

A

a small superior supraspinous fodda

a larger inferior infraspinous fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the infraglenoid and supraglenoid tubercles attachment sites for?

A

the infraglenoid tubercle is an attachment site for triceps brachii

the supraglenoid tubercle is an attachment site for biceps brachii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the costal surface of the scapula characterised by?

A

a shallow concave subscapular fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the lateral border of the scapula different to the medial & superior borders?

Why?

A

it is strong and thick for muscle attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the superior border of the scapula marked on its lateral end by?

A
  1. coracoid process
  2. suprascapular notch (lies medial to the root of the coracoid process)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label the muscles and features

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features of the scapula are palpable on a patient?

A
  1. spine and acromion
  2. tip of coracoid process
  3. inferior angle
  4. most of the medial border of the scapula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What features does the trapezius attach together?

A

it attaches the scapula and the clavicle to the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the trapezius muscle?

A
  1. powerful elevation of the scapula
  2. rotation of the scapula during abduction of the humerus above horizontal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of the middle and lower fibres of the scapula?

A

the middle fibres retract the scapula

the lower fibres depress the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the trapezius muscle innervated by?

A

the motor spinal part of accessory nerve XI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What structures does the deltoid attach to which location?

A

the deltoid attaches the scapula and the clavicle to the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the main function of the deltoid muscle?

A

abduction of the arm beyond the intial 15 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of clavicular fibres and posterior fibres of the deltoid?

A

clavicular fibres assist in flexing the arm

posterior fibres assist in extending the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What nerve innervates deltoid?

A

axillary nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Label the 3 muscles

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 muscles contained within each anterior pectoral region?

A
  1. pectoralis major (largest and most superficial)
  2. pectoralis minor
  3. subclavius
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the function of pectoralis major?

A

It adducts, flexes and medially rotates the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where does the subclavius muscle originate and insert?

A

it passes laterally from the anterior and medial part of rib I to the inferior surface of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does pectoralis minor originate and insert?

A

It passes from the anterior surfaces of ribs III to V to the coracoid process of the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of both subclavius and pectoralis minor?

A

they pull the tip of the shoulder inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Label the extrinsic muscles of the back

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 5 muscles of the superficial group of back muscles?

A
  1. trapezius
  2. latissimus dorsi
  3. rhomboid major
  4. rhomboid minor
  5. levator scapulae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How can the trapezius muscle be identified?

A

it has inferior diagonal fibres and transverse middle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where do the superior fibres of the trapezius attach to?

What does contraction of the superior fibres acheive?

A

superior fibres attach to the lateral third of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula

contraction elevates the scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the action of the superior and inferior fibres of the trapezius?

A

they work together to rotate the lateral aspect of the scapula upward when raising the upper limb above the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where does most innervation of the trapezius muscle come from?

A

the accessory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the 3 blood supplies of the trapezius muscle?

A
  1. superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery
  2. acromial branch of the suprascapular artery
  3. dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the functions of latissimus dorsi?

A
  1. extension, adduction and medial rotation of the upper limb
  2. depression of the shoulder to prevent upward movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the innervation of latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve of the brachial plexus

42
Q

What is the blood supply of latissimus dorsi?

A
  1. primary blood supply comes from thoracodorsal artery
  2. additional small arteries from dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
43
Q

What is this muscle?

A

serratus anterior

44
Q

Where does serratus anterior originate and insert onto?

A

it originates as a number of muscular slips from the lateral surfaces of ribs I to IX

it inserts onto the costal surfaces of the medial border of the scapula

45
Q

What is the function of serratus anterior?

A

it pulls the scapula forward over the thoracic wall and faciliates scapular rotation

46
Q

What is serratus anterior innervated by?

A

long thoracic nerve

47
Q

What is the rotator cuff?

A

a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint

48
Q

Label the muscles of the rotator cuff

A
49
Q

What is significant about the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

they serve as attachment points for the 4 rotator cuff muscles of the glenohumeral joint

50
Q

What are the 3 facets of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Which muscles attach to them?

A

supraspinatus attaches to the superior facet

infraspinatus attaches to the middle facet

teres minor attaches to the inferior facet

51
Q

What muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

subscapularis

52
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

A
  1. supraspinatus
  2. infraspinatus
  3. teres minor
  4. subscapularis
53
Q

What structure separates the lesser and greater tubercles?

What tendon passes through this structure?

A

the bicipital groove (intertubular sulcus)

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through this sulcus

54
Q

Where does the subscapularis muscle originate from and insert onto?

A

It originates from (and fills) the subscapular fossa

It inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus

55
Q

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?

A

they stabilise the glenohumeral joint

56
Q

What is subscapularis innervated by?

A

superior and inferior subscapular nerves

57
Q

Label the muscles and spaces on the diagram

A
58
Q

Label the features of the scapula

A
59
Q

Label the 2 features of the scapula/clavicle on the X-ray

A
60
Q

What are the 2 “necks of the humerus”?

Which part articulates with the glenoid cavity?

A

the surgical and anatomical neck

the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity

61
Q

Label the features of the humerus on the X-ray

A
62
Q

What is the difference between abduction and adduction?

A

adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

63
Q

What are the following movements of the shoulder joints?

A
64
Q

What is meant by flexion and extension?

A

flexion brings the bones that form a joint closer together so that the angle between the bones is decreased

extension is a movement that increases the angle between 2 body parts

65
Q

What is circumduction?

A

a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction, leading to the movement of a body region in a circular manner

66
Q

What are the 2 main movements of the scapula?

A

the scapula slides on the ribs and can move backwards and forwards

it is involved in protraction and retraction

67
Q

What is protraction?

A

the action of extending a part of the body

involves the scapula moving laterally and anteriorly along the chest wall

68
Q

what is retraction?

A

the movement of a body part in the posterior direction

this involves pulling the scapulae towards each other and the spine

69
Q

What are the 3 general muscle rules that apply to all muscles?

A
  1. when a muscle contracts, it becomes shorter
  2. when muscles run between 2 bony points, they will move the bony landmark that is most flexible when they contract
  3. a muscle cannot move a joint unless it crosses the joint
70
Q

Where does levator scapulae attach to?

What action is it responsible for?

A

it attaches to the upper portion of the medial border of the scapula

it is responsible for scapular elevation

71
Q

Where do the rhomboid muscles attach to?

What is their function?

A

they run from the thoracic vertebrae and attach onto the lower part of the medial border of the scapula

they are responsible for retraction of the scapula

72
Q

Label the back muscles

A
73
Q

Where does latissimus dorsi attach to?

What is its function?

A

originates from lower thoracic vertebrae and attaches to anterior aspect of humerus

it allows for adduction and medial rotation of the arm

74
Q

Where does teres major originate and insert?

What is its function?

A

it originates at the inferior angle of the scapula

it inserts onto the anterior aspect of the humerus

it is involved in adduction and medial rotation of the arm

75
Q

Where is infraspinatus found?

What is its function?

A

it fills the infraspinous fossa of the scapula

it inserts onto the posterior aspect of the humerus

it is involved in lateral rotation of the arm

76
Q

Where is supraspinatus found?

What is its function?

A

it fills the supraspinous fossa of the scapula

it runs underneath the acromion to insert at the top of the humerus

it allows for the initial 20 degrees of abduction of the arm

77
Q

Where does teres minor insert?

What is its function?

A

it insers on the posterior aspect of the humerus

it allows for lateral rotation of the arm

78
Q

Which muscle is often affected in fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus and why?

A

injury at the surgical neck can injure the axillary nerve

this then impairs the function of deltoid

79
Q

Where is subscapularis found?

What is its function?

A

it fills the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts onto the anterior aspect of the humerus

it is involved in adduction and medial rotation of the arm

80
Q

What is the stability of the shoulder joint compromised by?

A
  1. incongruent joint surfaces
  2. thin and lax joint capsule

The joint is weakest inferiorly

81
Q

What 4 methods help to improve the stability of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. glenoid labrum (lip of cartilage)
  2. ligaments
  3. biceps tendon
  4. rotator cuff muscles
82
Q

Label the components of the shoulder joint

A
83
Q

What 3 components make up the coraco-acromial arch?

What is its function?

A
  1. acromion
  2. coracoid process
  3. coracoacromial ligament

It is important in preventing superior displacement of the humerus

84
Q

What injury is this?

Is it acute or chronic and how does it usually occur?

A

clavicular fracture (acute)

when someone falls, they put out their hand to protect their face

the force of the fall is transmitted up to the arm and to the clavicle

85
Q

What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

A

a ligament connects a bone to another bone

a tendon connects a muscle to a bone

86
Q

What is impingement?

A

a muscle or tendon is squeezed by the structures surrounding it

87
Q

What may happen if a clavicular fracture is displaced or in lots of pieces?

A

a displaced fracture can stretch the skin

a fracture in lots of pieces can present a risk to the subclavian vessels

88
Q

What injury is shown in the X-ray?

What causes this?

A

AC (acromioclavicular) joint disrupture

the AC joint springs open when the ligaments holding the acromion to the clavicle become torn or ruptured

89
Q

How can AC joint disrupture affect the skin?

A

the skin may be stretched, which can lead to skin necrosis

90
Q

What injury is shown in the picture?

What causes this?

A

Winging of the scapula

it is caused by injury to the long thoracic nerve, which innervates serratus anterior

serratus anterior becomes paralysed

91
Q

How does serratus anterior control the position of the scapula?

How is this disrupted in winging of the scapula?

A

it keeps the scapula flat against the chest wall as it inserts on the ribs and the medial border of the scapula

the medial border of the scapula pulls away from the posterior thoracic wall

92
Q

What are the 3 main categories that can cause winging of the scapula?

A
  1. penetrating injuries of the chest and axilla
  2. iatrogenic e.g. during chest drain or breast surgery
  3. neuritis
93
Q

What injury is shown?

What significant feature can be identified when looking at the patient and why?

A

anterior dislocation

the acromion is prominent on the dislocated side

the humeral head comes to lie more underneath the coracoid process and is no longer in contact with the glenoid cavity

94
Q

What nerve is vulnerable to damage in an anterior dislocation?

A

the axillary nerve

it runs close to the surgical neck of the humerus

damage to the axillary nerve leads to an impaired function of deltoid

95
Q

What type of dislocation is this?

A

anterior dislocation

96
Q

What sign should be looked for when trying to identify a posterior dislocation?

A

“lightbulb sign”

the asymmetry of the humeral head is lost and it looks more rounded and symmetrical

97
Q

What type of dislocation is shown?

A

posterior dislocation

this is very rare and easily missed

98
Q

What injury is shown here?

who is most at risk?

A

Surgical neck fracture

the elderly are most at risk

99
Q

What is meant by the axillary nerve being a mixed nerve?

A

it contains sensory and motor fibres

the motor fibres innervate deltoid and teres minor

the sensory fibres innervate the skin in the C5 dermatome

100
Q

How can axillary nerve injury be assessed?

A

the skin in the C5 dermatome region (upper arm) is touched on BOTH sides

The patient is asked if they can feel the touch, and whether the injured side feels different

101
Q

How is the deltoid muscle affected in axillary nerve injury?

A

wasting/shrinking of the deltoid muscle occurs - deltoid atrophy

this occurs as the deltoid can no longer be used when the axillary nerve is injured

102
Q

What tendon is most commonly injured in a rotator cuff injury?

What does injury to the rotator cuff tendons lead to?

A

the supraspinatous tendon

injury leads to pain, instability and weakness

Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT (69 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions