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Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT > Skin Histology > Flashcards

Skin Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. subcutis
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2
Q

What are the types of cells present in the epidermis?

A

contains continuously proliferating stratified squamous epithelium

it produces keratin

it is in direct contact with the external environment

it is constantly shed and contains no blood vessels

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3
Q

What is present in the dermis?

A

fibrous and fibroadipose tissue that supports the epidermis, both physically and metabolically

it contains blood vessels, nerves and sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is present in the subcutis?

A

it contains adipose tissue with supporting fibrous bands (septa)

it contains larger blood vessels

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What type of skin is present on the foot?

A

glabrous skin

this is non-hair bearing and thick skin

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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis that are present in thick skin?

A
  1. stratum basale - basal cell layer
  2. stratum spinosum - prickle cell layer
  3. stratum granulosum - granular layer
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum - keratin layer
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8
Q

What layer of the skin is not present in thin skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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9
Q

What is shown by letters a-e in this picture?

A

a - stratum basale

b - stratum spinosum

c - stratum granulosum

d - stratum lucidum

e - stratum corneum

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10
Q

What is shown by the letters in the high magnification of keratinised squamous epithelium?

A

b - stratum spinosum

c - stratum granulosum

e - stratum corneum

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11
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

resin section of stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is shown in the image?

What is the composition of this layer like?

A

stratum lucidum of the sole of the foot

this consists of several layers of flattened dead cells

nuclei already begin to degenerate in the outer part of the stratum granulosum

in the stratum lucidum, faint nuclear outlines are visible in only a few of the cells

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What 3 types of cells are found in the epidermis?

A
  • keratinocytes
  • melanocytes
  • langerhans cells
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15
Q

What type of cell is shown here?

What is their role?

A

melanocytes

these produce melanin (skin and hair colour)

they are transferred to the keratinocytes through a network of melanocyte cytoplasmic processes

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16
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Langerhans cells

these are intra-epidermal antigen presenting cells

they are present in all layers of the epidermis but are most easily recognised in the prickle cell layer

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17
Q

How can Langerhans cells be recognised?

A

they are pale-staining in the epidermis

they have irregularly lobulated nuclei and almost clear cytoplasm

cytoplasmic processes (CP) extend from the cells and insinuate between keratinocytes of all layers

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18
Q

Where are keratinocytes present?

A

they are present in all layers of the epidermis, but are most easily recognised in the prickle cell layer

they are present in the upper dermis, particularly around small blood vessels

when stimulated, they migrate to the dermis and then via lymphatics to the lymph nodes

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19
Q

What structures are labelled in the diagram?

A
20
Q

What is the role of the sebaceous glands?

A

they secrete sebum

one type is associated with the hair follicle and secretes sebum into the hair follicle

the other type secretes sebum directly onto the surface of the skin

21
Q

What is the role of eccrine glands?

A

they have a thermoregulation function and produce sweat

they are the major sweat glands of the human body that are found in virtually all skin

they have the highest density in the palm and soles and lowest density on the trunk and extremities

22
Q

What is the role of the apocrine glands?

A

apocrine glands in the skin and eyelid are sweat glands

most are found in the armpits, groin and area around the nipples

apocrine glands in the skin are scent glands and their secretions usually have an odour

23
Q

What is the role of the arrector pili muscle?

A

it is a bundle of smooth muscle fibres

it inserts at one end into the follicle sheath just below the sebaceous glands and the other in the superficial dermis

24
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

hair bearing skin

25
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

pilosebaceous unit

this consists of hair, sebaceous gland and arrector pili muscle

this image is from the scalp

26
Q

What is shown by a, b and c?

A

a - arrector pili

b - hair follicle

c - sebaceous gland

27
Q

What are the 4 different types of skin receptors?

A
  • meissner corpuscles
  • merkel cells
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • ruffini endings
28
Q

What is the role of meissner corpuscles?

A

they are an encapsulated body in the papillary dermis

they are fast-adapting discriminatory touch and vibration receptors

29
Q

What is the role of Merkel cell neurites?

A

they are slow-adapting discriminatory touch and pressure receptors

30
Q

What is the role of Pacinian corpuscles?

A

they are encapsulated bodies in the deep skin

they are fast-adapting for rapid vibration

31
Q

What is the role of Ruffini endings?

A

they detect stretching and shearing

32
Q

What is shown here?

A

fingertip

33
Q

What is shown in this image of the fingertip?

A

each lamella is composed of flattened Schwann cells and endoneurial fibroblasts

there is fluid between each layer

delicate collagen fibres may be present as well as occasional capillaries

34
Q

What cells are shown here and what type of staining is used to see them?

A

CK20 staining is used for Merkel cells

these are intra-epidermal receptors for touch

they are rounded cells without dendritic processes found in the basal layer of the epidermis

they are associated with a myelinated nerve forming a Merkel cell-neurite complex

35
Q

What is shown in this image?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

these are an encapsulated body in the papillary dermis

they are fast-adapting discriminatory touch and vibration receptors

36
Q

What is meant by a first degree burn?

A

an injury that affects only the outer layer of skin - the epidermis

symptoms of redness, minor inflammation and swelling but no blistering

37
Q

What is a second degree burn?

A

this affects both the epidermis and dermis

there is blistering and some thickening of the skin

38
Q

What is a third degree burn?

A

this type of burn destroys the whole of the epidermis and the dermis

the skin has a widespread thickness and a white, leathery appearance

39
Q

What is a fourth degree burn?

A

a burn that includes all of the symptoms of a third-degree burn and also extends beyond the skin into the tendons and bones

40
Q

What does the skin look like in a first degree burn?

What is capillary refill like?

A

the skin is red and painful but is not blistered

capillary refill blanches and then rapidly refills

41
Q

What does the skin look like in a second degree burn?

What is capillary refill like?

A

the skin is pale pink and painful with blistering

capillary refill - blanches but regains its colour slowly

42
Q

What does the skin look like in a third-degree burn?

What is capillary refill like?

A

the skin appears dry or moist, blotchy and cherry red

it may be painful or painless and there may be blisters

capillary refill - does not blanch

43
Q

What does the skin look like in a fourth degree burn?

What is capillary refill like?

A

the skin is dry and white, brown or black in colour with no blisters

it may be described as leathery or waxy

it is painless

capillary refill - does not blanch

44
Q

How should capillary refill be assessed in burns?

A

by pressing with a sterile cotton bud, such as a bacteriology swab

45
Q

Which layers of the skin are affected in all 4 types of burn?

A

first degree burn:

  • the epidermis is affected, but the dermis is intact

second degree burn:

  • the epidermis and upper layer of the dermis are involved

third degree burn:

  • the epidermis, upper and deeper layers of the dermis are involved

fourth degree burn:

  • the burn extends through all layers of the skin to subcutaneous tissues

Y2 CONTROL & MOVEMENT (69 decks)

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