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y2 control & movement > SDL 1 - FRONT OF NECK > Flashcards

SDL 1 - FRONT OF NECK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  • middle one third of the clavicle
  • anterior margin of trapezius
  • posterior margin of sternocleidomastoid
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2
Q

What may be damaged by stab wounds in the posterior triangle?

A

The apex of the lung and the brachial plexus

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3
Q

Would would be the consequence of a brachial plexus injury via a stab wound in the posterior triangle?

A

Erb’s Palsy as this is an upper trunk injury

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4
Q

What muscles are paralysed in Erb’s palsy?

A

Complete paralysis:

  • biceps brachii
  • deltoid
  • brachialis
  • brachioradialis

Partial paralysis:

  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • supinator
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5
Q

What is the deformity associated with Erb’s palsy?

A

Arm:

  • Hangs by the side, adducted and medially rotated

Forearm:

  • Extended and pronated

This is due to injury of the C5 and C6 nerve roots

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6
Q

The accessory nerve runs posteroinferiorly through the posterior triangle.

Which muscles are supplied by this nerve?

A

sternocleidomastoid and deltoid

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A
  • median vertical line of the neck
  • inferior margin of the mandible
  • anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid
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8
Q

Label the features of the larynx

A
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9
Q

What is the suprasternal notch?

A

A large visible dip between the neck and the two collarbones

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10
Q

What is shown by the letters on this image?

A

RL and LL - right lobe and left lobe

S - isthmus of thyroid gland

H - hyoid bone

T - thyroid cartilage

C - cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

What is the passage of the external jugular vein in the neck like?

What are the surface markings of this vessel?

A

it descends through the subcutaneous tissue of the neck on the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

surface marking is a line from the angle of the mandible to the middle of the clavicle

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12
Q

Where are the infrahyoid muscles found?

What is their important function?

A

They lie distal to the hyoid bone

They depress the hyoid bone during swallowing

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13
Q

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles and how can they be divided into 2 groups?

A

Superficial plane

  • omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles

Deep plane:

  • sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles
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14
Q

Label the infrahyoid muscles

A
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15
Q

What is the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Thyrohyoid muscle:

  • Anterior ramus of C1, carried within the hypoglossal nerve.

All others:

  • Anterior rami of C1-C3, carried by a branch of the ansa cervicalis.
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16
Q

What components of the larynx can be identified in the gap between the left and right infrahyoid muscles?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Laryngeal prominence
  3. Cricoid cartilage
  4. Cricothyroid membrane
  5. Trachea
  6. Isthmus of thyroid gland
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17
Q

What is a cricothyroidotomy?

Under what circumstances would this be performed?

A

An incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane

It is used to establish a patent airway during life-threatening situations such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angiodema or massive facial trauma

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18
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

Under what circumstances is this performed?

A

This involves creating an opening in the neck so that a pipe can be placed within the trachea temporarily or permanently

tracheostomy is performed because of airway obstruction, problems with secretions, and inefficient oxygen delivery

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19
Q

What is the role of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

they lie above the hyoid bone and have attachments to it

they form the floor of the mouth and have an important function in moving the hyoid bone during swallowing

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20
Q

What are the 4 suprahyoid muscles?

A
  1. Diagastric
  2. Stylohyoid
  3. Geniohyoid
  4. Mylohyoid
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21
Q

Label the suprahyoid muscles

A
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22
Q

What are the attachments of the two bellies of diagastric?

A

The anterior belly arises from the digastric fossa of the mandible

The posterior belly arises from the mastoid process of the temporal bone

They insert onto a common tendon which attaches to the hyoid bone via a fibrous sling

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23
Q

What is the function of diagastric muscle?

A

It depresses the mandible and elevates the hyoid bone

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24
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

a thick layer of fascia that binds together the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve in the neck

in the upper part of the neck it contains the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and last four cranial nerves

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25
Q

What are the surface landmarks of the internal jugular vein?

A

Midpoint between the sternal notch and the mastoid process

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26
Q

From which nerve(s) do the roots of ansa cervicalis take origin?

A

Originates from upper cervical spinal nerves C1, C2 and C3

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27
Q

At which vertebral level does the carotid bifurcation lie?

Which laryngeal landmark lies at this level?

A

The common carotid artery bifurcates into external and internal carotid arteries

this happens between C3 and C4

at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

28
Q

How should the common carotid pulse be palpated?

A

palpate lateral to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and just medial to the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

DO NOT palpate both sides at once and DO NOT rub the vessel

29
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

it has no branches in the neck

it ascends to supply the brain

30
Q

label the major anterior branches of the external carotid artery

A
31
Q

What happens as the vagus nerve descends within the carotid sheath?

A

it gives off important branches that are involved in the control of speaking and swallowing

32
Q

How is the vagus nerve involved in speaking and swallowing?

A

Speech:

  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve controls muscles of the larynx

Swallowing:

  • Pharyngeal branch innervates the salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus
  • This aids in speech and swallowing
33
Q

What is meant by phonation?

A

The production of sound, which begins in the larynx

the larynx also aids in breathing and prevents foreign objects from entering the lungs

34
Q

Other than phonation, what are the roles of the larynx?

A

It allows air to pass through the respiratory tract, whilst preventing aspiration

it aids in breathing

35
Q

How is sound produced?

How do the vocal cords change position during sound production?

A

sound is produced by vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx

at rest, the folds are separated

during phonation, the folds are adducted, obstructing the flow of air

36
Q

What happens during sound production when pressure builds up?

A

pressure builds up, then the folds are forced apart

air escapes and then the folds return to the adducted position

rapid repetition of these movements results in vibration of the folds, giving rise to sound waves

37
Q

How is pitch varied in the larynx?

A

Pitch is varied by altering the length and tension of the vocal folds

(this alters the frequency of their vibration)

these features are adjusted by the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

38
Q

What is meant by “intrinsic muscle of the larynx”?

A

Intrinsic muscles both originate and insert on the larynx

They move the arytenoid cartilages and adjust the tension applied to the vocal folds and ligaments

39
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
  1. Cricothyroid
  2. Thyroarytenoid
  3. Posterior cricoarytenoid
  4. Lateral cricoarytenoid
  5. Transverse and oblique arytenoids
40
Q

Label the muscles of the larynx

A
41
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

How does the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle differ from the others?

A

Cricothyroid muscle:

  • innervated by external laryngeal nerve

Others:

  • Innervated by inferior laryngeal nerve

These are both branches of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

42
Q

How is the loudness of sound and quality of the voice produced in the larynx?

A

the loudness of sound is related to the pressure of the expired air

the quality or timbre of the voice depends on resonating chambers above the vocal cords

43
Q

Through which spaces do sound waves pass to reach the outside world?

A
  • Air passes through the larynx and into the vocal tracts
  • This ends at the mouth and nostrils
    *
44
Q

What is meant by the process of articulation?

A

sound is broken up into recognisable vowels and consonants by movements of the lips and tongue

45
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the muscles responsible for movements of the lips?

A

Orbicularis oris muscle is a complex of muscles that encircles the mouth

It is innervated by cranial nerve VII

46
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the muscles responsible for movements of the tongue?

A

Sensory - glossopharyngeal (IX)

Motor - hypoglossall (XII)

47
Q

What 2 branches does the vagus nerve give off to the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve runs towards the upper boundary of the larynx

Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs towards the lower boundary of the larynx

48
Q

What structures lie close to the external laryngeal nerve?

A

The external laryngeal nerve is a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Both of these lie close to the superior thyroid artery

This is a branch of the external carotid artery

49
Q

What does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?

Where does it enter the larynx?

A

It descends to the thyrohyoid membrane and pierces it with the superior laryngeal artery

It is distributed to the mucous membrane of the larynx

Some sensory branches are distributed to the epiglottis, base of the tongue and epiglottic glands

It also supplies the mucous membrane surrounding the entrance to the larynx as far down as the vocal folds

50
Q

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve divide?

A

It divides into the internal and external laryngeal nerves

The internal laryngeal nerve (sensory) supplies the laryngeal mucosa

The external laryngeal nerve (motor) supplies the cricothyroid muscle

51
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve arise?

A

It arises from the vagus nerve to the left of the arch of the aorta

52
Q

why does hoarseness sometimes occur following thyroid surgery?

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is closely related to the inferior thyroid artery

hoarseness arises due to damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

53
Q

Label vessels of the larynx

A
54
Q

Label the nerves

A
55
Q

Which cranial nerves pass out of the skull alongside the vagus nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

They pass out of the skull via the jugular foramen

56
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx and the structures that separate them?

A

nasopharynx:

  • begins at the base of the skull
  • Ends at the soft palate

oropharynx:

  • Runs between the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis

laryngopharynx:

  • Runs between the superior border of the epiglottis and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
57
Q

What is the first stage of swallowing?

A

It is voluntary and involves the passage of the bolus of food from the oral cavity into the oropharynx

58
Q

How is the first stage (oral stage) of swallowing achieved?

A

It involves the contraction of the tongue to push the bolus up against the soft palate and then posteriorly into the oropharynx by both the tongue and the soft palate

59
Q

What nerves are involved in the oral phase of swallowing?

A

cranial nerves: V (trigeminal), VII (facial) and XII (hypoglossal).

60
Q

How do the pharyngeal and oesophageal stages of swallowing differ from the oral phase?

A

These stages are involuntary

they are controlled by a series of reflexes involving cranial nerves IX, X and XI

61
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies sensory fibres to the posterior third of the tongue and oropharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

62
Q

When the bolus of food comes into contact with the posterior third of the tongue and oropharynx, what happens and why?

A

the soft palate is tensed and elevated

This closes off the airway and nasal passages

63
Q

When the bolus comes into contact with the posterior third of the tongue and oropharynx, what happens to the hyoid bone?

A

It is pulled forwards and upwards, bringing the larynx and root of the tongue with it

these movements open the laryngopharynx and tilt the epiglottis downwards over the laryngeal inlet

this helps to close off the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

64
Q

What muscle contractions are involved in closing off the laryngeal inlet during swallowing?

A

contraction of the aryepiglottic and transverse arytenoid muscles

65
Q

What is the purpose of contraction of the circular (constrictor) muscles of the pharynx?

A

It moves the bolus of food down over the closed inlet of the larynx and on into the oesophagus

66
Q

Where do the majority of the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate receive their innervation from?

A

The pharyngeal plexus

this is a complex network of nerves within the pharyngeal wall

67
Q

What forms the pharyngeal plexus?

A
  • pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
  • pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
  • autonomic fibres

y2 control & movement (69 decks)

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