the innate immune system

Question 1

what is the body’s first line of defense?

Answer 1

skin

Question 2

___________ are antibacterial enzymes found on the skin

Answer 2

defensins

Question 3

T / F - the respiratory and GI systems play a role in nonspecific immunity

Answer 3

true

Question 4

several mucous membranes in the respiratory tract produce a nonspecific enzyme called _______________

Answer 4

lysozymes

Question 5

what roles does the GI tract have in nonspecific immunity?

Answer 5

stomach acid = kills most pathogens

gut flora = large population, other bacteria cannot survive

Question 6

_____________ system punches holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

Answer 6

complement system

Question 7

complement can be activated through ____________ and __________ pathways

Answer 7

classical
alternative

Question 8

explain the difference in activating the complement via classical pathway and alternative pathway

Answer 8

classical = requires binding of antibody to a pathogen

alternative = does not require antibodies

Question 9

to protect against viruses, cells that have been infected produce _____________

Answer 9

inferons

Question 10

how do inferons affect viral cell production? viral cell permeability? MHC molecules? viral cell detection?

Answer 10

production = decrease
permeability = decrease
MHC = upregulated
detection = increased

Question 11

explain the process of an activated macrophage

Answer 11

1. phagocytizes invader (endocytosis)
2. digests invader
3. present pieces of the invader to other cells using MHC

Question 12

______________ is a chemical substance released by macrophages that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

MHC molecule classes?

Answer 13

class I
class II

Question 14

all nucleated cells in the body display MHC class _________

Answer 14

class I

Question 15

the MHC-I pathway is often called the ______________ pathway because it binds antigens that come from inside the cell

Answer 15

endogenous pathway

Question 16

MHC class II molecules are maily displayed by professional antigen presenting cells like ___________

Answer 16

macrophages

Question 17

because the antigens originated outside the cell, the MHC-II pathway is often called the ___________ pathway

Answer 17

exogenous pathway

Question 18

examples of professional antigen presenting cells?

Answer 18

macrophages
B cells
dendritic cells
activated epithelial cells

Question 19

_______________ are able to recognize the category of the invader, which allows for the production of cytokines and immune cell recruitment

Answer 19

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 20

_____________ are a nonspecific lymphocyte that is able to detect the downregulation of MHC and induce apoptosis invirally infected cells

Answer 20

natural killer cells

Question 21

____________ are the most popular leukocytes in blood, are very short lived, and are phagocytic

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

what is pus composed of?

Answer 22

dead neutrophil collections

Question 23

T / F - neutrophils can detect bacteria once then have been opsonized (marked with an antibody by a B cell)

Answer 23

true

Question 24

___________ and _______________ are involved in allergic responses and secrete inflammatory mediators

Answer 24

eosinophils
basophils

Question 25

eosinophils and basophils secrete large amounts of ___________

Answer 25

histamine

Question 26

where can mast cells be found?

Answer 26

tissues
musocsa
epithelium