the innate immune system Flashcards
what is the body’s first line of defense?
skin
___________ are antibacterial enzymes found on the skin
defensins
T / F - the respiratory and GI systems play a role in nonspecific immunity
true
several mucous membranes in the respiratory tract produce a nonspecific enzyme called _______________
lysozymes
what roles does the GI tract have in nonspecific immunity?
stomach acid = kills most pathogens
gut flora = large population, other bacteria cannot survive
_____________ system punches holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable
complement system
complement can be activated through ____________ and __________ pathways
classical
alternative
explain the difference in activating the complement via classical pathway and alternative pathway
classical = requires binding of antibody to a pathogen
alternative = does not require antibodies
to protect against viruses, cells that have been infected produce _____________
inferons
how do inferons affect viral cell production? viral cell permeability? MHC molecules? viral cell detection?
production = decrease
permeability = decrease
MHC = upregulated
detection = increased
explain the process of an activated macrophage
- phagocytizes invader (endocytosis)
- digests invader
- present pieces of the invader to other cells using MHC
______________ is a chemical substance released by macrophages that stimulate inflammation and recruit additional immune cells to the area
cytokines
MHC molecule classes?
class I
class II
all nucleated cells in the body display MHC class _________
class I
the MHC-I pathway is often called the ______________ pathway because it binds antigens that come from inside the cell
endogenous pathway
MHC class II molecules are maily displayed by professional antigen presenting cells like ___________
macrophages
because the antigens originated outside the cell, the MHC-II pathway is often called the ___________ pathway
exogenous pathway
examples of professional antigen presenting cells?
macrophages
B cells
dendritic cells
activated epithelial cells
_______________ are able to recognize the category of the invader, which allows for the production of cytokines and immune cell recruitment
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
_____________ are a nonspecific lymphocyte that is able to detect the downregulation of MHC and induce apoptosis invirally infected cells
natural killer cells
____________ are the most popular leukocytes in blood, are very short lived, and are phagocytic
neutrophils
what is pus composed of?
dead neutrophil collections
T / F - neutrophils can detect bacteria once then have been opsonized (marked with an antibody by a B cell)
true
___________ and _______________ are involved in allergic responses and secrete inflammatory mediators
eosinophils
basophils
