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MCAT - biology > physiology of the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

physiology of the cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

the force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels is measured by ________________

A

sphygmomanometer

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2
Q

what do sphygmomanometers measure?

A

the pressure above and beyond the atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

blood pressure is expressed as a ratio of _________ over _________

A

systolic (ventricular contraction)
diastolic (ventricular relaxation)

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4
Q

pressure gradually drops from the aterial to venous circulation, with the largest drop occuring at the ___________

A

arterioles

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5
Q

how are pressure differential, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance mathematically related?

A

P = CO (TPR)

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6
Q

arterioles and capillaries act much like _________________ in a circuit

A

resistors

*limits the flow of electricity

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7
Q

the longer the blood vessel, the (more / less) resistance it offers

A

more

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8
Q

the larger area of a blood vessel, the ( more / less) resistance it offers

A

less

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9
Q

T / F - with the exception of the three portal systems, all systemic capillary beds are in parallel with each other

A

true

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10
Q

because all systemic capillary beds are in parallel, the opening of them will (increase / decrease) vascular resistance

A

decrease

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11
Q

____________ are specialized neruons that detect changes in the mechanical forces on the walls of the vesselq

A

baroreceptors

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12
Q

when blood pressure is too low, baroreceptors can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system which causes (vasodilation / vasoconstriction), thereby (increasing / decreasing) blood pressure

A

blood pressure = too low
sympathetic nervous system = vasocontriction
increasing blood pressure

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13
Q

_____________ can sense when the osmolarity of the blood is too high

A

chemoreceptors

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14
Q

dehydration (high blood osmolarity) promotes the release of _____________

A

ADH

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15
Q

what does ADH do?

A

increases the reabsorption of water, thereby increasig blood volume and pressure

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16
Q

low perfusion of the jaxtaglomerular cells of the kidney stimulates _______________ release

A

aldosterone

*through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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17
Q

aldosterone increasing the reabsorption of ______________ and (increases / decreases) blood volume and pressure

A

sodium (water indirectly)
increases

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18
Q

_________________ aid in the loss of salt within the nephron, acting as a natural diuretic with loss of fluid

A

ANP

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19
Q

oxygen is carried by ___________ in the blood

A

hemoglobin

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20
Q

what type of reaction is the binding / releasing of oxygen to or from the iron atom in the heme group?

A

oxidation-reduction

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21
Q

in the lungs, oxygen diffuses into the ______________

A

alveolar capillaries

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22
Q

_____________ makes it easier for subsequent oxygen molecules to bind / release to / from the reamining three heme groups

A

cooperative binding

23
Q

cooperative binding gives hemoglobin dissociation its classic ____________ shape

A

sigmoidal

24
Q

T / F - CO2 can be carried by hemoglobin

A

true

*hemoglobin has a much higher affinity for O2

25
Q

____________ catalyzes the combination reaction between carbon dioxide and water to for carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

26
Q

why is carbonic acid a more effective way of transporting metabolic waste to the lungs?

A

carbonic acid will dissociate into an H+ and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

both of these moelculaes are ions and have high solubilities in water

27
Q

increased CO2 production will cause a __________ shift in the bicarbonate buffer equation, resulting in a (increased / decreased) H+ concentration and a (higher / lower) pH

A

right
higher H+
lower pH

28
Q

what happens to the hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 when there is an abundance of H+?

A

the affinity decreases, hemoglobin is more likely to release the O2

*bohr effect

29
Q

in addition to high H+ concentrations, what are other reasons you may see a right shift in the hemoglobin dissoiation curve?

A

increased temp
increase 2,3 BPG concentrations (side product of glycolysis)

30
Q

T / F - fetal Hb have a higher affinity for O2 that adult Hb

A

true

*fetal RBCs have to pull oxygen off maternal Hb and onto fetal Hb

31
Q

if a person is hyperventilating, what way will the biocarbonate buffer system shift? what will happen to the pH?

A

hyperventilation = CO2 is exhaled

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

low CO2
shift left
lower H+

pH = increase

32
Q

carbohydrates and amino acids are absorbed into the __________ of the small intestine

A

capillaries

33
Q

fats are absorbed into the __________ of the small intestine

A

lacteals

34
Q

wastes (CO2, ammonia, urea) enter the bloodstream via ____________

A

moving down their gradients from tissues to capillaries

35
Q

hormones enter the cirulation in / near the organ via ___________

A

exocytosis

36
Q

___________ hormones reach their target tissues and activate cell surface receptors

A

peptide

37
Q

____________ hormones reach their target tissues and activate intranuclear receptors

A

steroid

38
Q

_______________ pressure is the force per unit area that the blood exerts against the vessel walls

A

hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

how is hydrostatic pressure generated?

A

contraction of the heart
elasticity of the arteries

40
Q

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid ______ the bloodstream

A

out of the blood stream

*into the interstitium

41
Q

______________ is the pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream

A

osmotic pressure

42
Q

if hydrostatic pressure is much larger than oncotic pressure, then there is a net (influx / efflux) of water

A

efflux (out)

hydrostatic = out of
osmotic / oncotic = into

43
Q

why are the starling forces important?

A

starling forces = the balance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

it is essential for maintaing the proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature

44
Q

most lymph is returned to the central circulatory system by way of a channel called the ____________

A

thoracic duct

45
Q

____________ protect the vascular system in the even of damage by forming a clot

A

platelets

46
Q

what are clots composed of?

A

cogulation factors (proteins)
platelets

47
Q

when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, what becomes exposed?

A

underlying connective tissue

*contains collagen and tissue factor (protein)

48
Q

cogulation factors are secreted by the ____________

A

liver

49
Q

cogulation factors initiate a complex activation cascade that works to active prothrombin to form _____________

A

thrombin

*this occurs via thromboplastin

50
Q

thrombin can convert ___________ into _______________

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

51
Q

what is fibrin used for in blood clotting?

A

fibrin forms small fibers that aggregate and coss link into a woven structure that captures red blood cells and other platelets, forming a clot over the damage

52
Q

eventually the clot will be broken down by ___________

A

plasmin

*inactive form = plasminogen

53
Q
A

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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