anatomy and mechanism of breathing

Question 1

what does the thoracic cavity contain?

Answer 1

lungs
heart

Question 2

explain the flow of air starting from inhalation through the nostrils to gas exchnage

Answer 2

1. nares
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli

Question 3

__________ is a common pathway for air and food

Answer 3

pharynx

Question 4

T / F - the larynx is only a pathway for air

Answer 4

true

Question 5

the opening of the larynx is covered by the _____________ during swallowing

Answer 5

epiglottis

Question 6

T / F - the pharynx contains two vocal cords that are manevered using skeletal muscle and cartilage

Answer 6

false, the larynx contains the vocal cords

Question 7

what is different about the trachea and bronchi cells compared to the pharynx and larynx cells?

Answer 7

the trachea and bronchi cells are ciliated

Question 8

____________ is a detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing on itself

Answer 8

surfactant

Question 9

membranes known as ___________ surround each lung

Answer 9

pleurae

*there is both the visceral and parietal

Question 10

_____________ is a thin, muscular structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Answer 10

diaphragm

Question 11

the diaphragm is under (somatic / autonomic) control
breathing is under (somatic / autonomic) control

Answer 11

diaphragm = somatic (voluntary)
breathing = autonomic (involuntary)

Question 12

inhalation is an (active / passive) process

Answer 12

active

Question 13

what happens to the diaphragm, chest wall, and intrathoracic volume during inhalation?

Answer 13

diaphragm = down, flattens
chest wall = expand
volume = increase

Question 14

what happens to the intrapleural pressure as the intrathoracic volume increases during inhalation?

Answer 14

an increase in intrapleural volume leads to a decrease in intrapleural pressure

Question 15

explain negative pressure breathing

Answer 15

the lungs will expand into the intrapleural space and the pressure in the lungs will drop

air will then be sucked in from a higher presure environment (outside world)

*driving force is the lower pressure in the intrapleural spce comapred with the lungs

Question 16

what happens to the diaphragm, external intercostals, and chest cavity volume during exhalation?

Answer 16

diaphragm = rise, relax
external intercostal muscles = relax
volume = decrease

Question 17

during exhalation. is pressure higher in the intrapleural space or in the lungs?

Answer 17

intrapleural space

*therefore the air will be pushed out

Question 18

____________ max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Answer 18

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 19

______________ volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Answer 19

residual volume (RV)

Question 20

_______________ difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Answer 20

vital capacity (VC)

Question 21

______________ the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Answer 21

tidal volume (TV)

Question 22

____________ volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Answer 22

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 23

____________ volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Answer 23

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 24

ventilation is primarily controlled by a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata called the ____________

Answer 24

ventilation center

Question 25

the ventilation center contains ______________ that are sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration

Answer 25

chemoreceptors

Question 26

what happens to the respiratory rate if the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is raised?

Answer 26

the respiratory rate will increase so that more co2 is exhaled