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MCAT - biology > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the SRY gene?

A

SRY = sex-determining region Y

codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and the formation of male gonads

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2
Q

primitive gonads develop into the ________

A

testeswh

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3
Q

at are the two functional components of the testes?

A
  1. seminiferous tubules
  2. cells of leydig
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4
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

what cells in the seminiferous tubules help to nourish sperm?

A

sertoli cells

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6
Q

the cells of leydig secrete __________

A

testosterone

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7
Q

where are the testes located?

A

scrotum

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8
Q

after being produced, the sperm are passed to the __________

A

epididymis

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9
Q

what happens to sperm while in the epididymis?

A

flagella gain motility
stored until ejaculation

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10
Q

during ejaculation, sperm travels through the ___________ and enter the ejaculatory duct

A

vas deferens

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11
Q

T / F - male’s and female’s reproductive tract and urinary systems share a common pathway

A

false, this is not true for women

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12
Q

______________contribute fructose (to seminal fluid) to nourish sperm

A

seminal vesicles

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13
Q

__________ give the seminal fluid mildly alkaline properies

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland

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14
Q

what is the purpose of giving sperm alkaline properties?

A

so they can survive in the acidity of the female reproductive tract

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15
Q

_______________ produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra

A

bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

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16
Q

explain the progression of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia (2n) –>
primary spermatocyte –>
1° spermatocyte –>
2° spermatocyte –>
spermatids –>
spermatozoa

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17
Q

what are the three main parts of a sperm cell?

A
  1. head
  2. midpiece
  3. flagella
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18
Q

___________ of the sperm contains the genetic information

A

head

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19
Q

_________ of the sperm generates ATP from fructose

A

midpiece

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20
Q

the head of a sperm is covered by a cap known as an ___________

A

acrosome

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21
Q

where is the acrosome made in the cell?

A

golgi

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22
Q

ovaries produce _________ and _______

A

estrogen ad progesterone

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23
Q

ovaries consist of thousands of _____________ that contain, nourish, and protect immature eggs

A

follicles

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24
Q

one egg per month is ovulated into the ___________

A

peritoneal sac (which lines the abdominal cavity)

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25
Q

after being deposited into the abdominal cavity, the egg is drawn into the __________

A

fallopian tubes or oviduct

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26
Q

the fallpian tubes are connected to the ____________ which is the site of fetal development

A

uterus

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27
Q

then the egg is transported to the lower end of the uterus called the __________ which connects to the ___________

A

cervix
vaginal canal

28
Q

the external female anatomy is known as the __________

A

vulva

29
Q

the production of female gametes is known as ____________

A

oogenesis

30
Q

by birth, all of the oogonia have already undergone DNA replication and are considered ____________

A

primary oocytes

31
Q

primary oocytes are arrested in __________

A

prophase 1

32
Q

once a woman reaches menarche (first menstrual cycle), one primary oocyte is released per month to complete meiosis 1, producing a __________ and __________

A

secondary oocyte
polar body

33
Q

the secondary oocyte remains arrested in ________________

A

metaphase 2

34
Q

the secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis 2 unless _____________ occurs

A

fertilization

35
Q

oocytes are surrounded by two layers

A
  1. zona pellucida
  2. corona radiata
36
Q

___________ surrounds the oocyte iteseld and is an aceullar mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and are necessary for sperm binding

A

zona pellucida

37
Q

____________ lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells adhered to the oocyte during ovulation

A

corona radiata

38
Q

what does the corona radiata have to do with meiosis 2?

A

meiosis 2 is triggered when a sperm cell penetrates these layers with the help of acrosomal enzymes

39
Q

what does the ovum contribute to the zygote? what does the sperm contribute?

A

ovum:
half the DNA
all the cytoplasm
organelles
RNA for early cellular processes

sperm
half the DNA

40
Q

prior to puberty, the __________ restricts the production of GnRH

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

at the start of puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH which triggers the __________ to synthesize and release ___________ and __________

A

anterior pituitary gland
FSH and LH

42
Q

for the duration of infancy and childhood, androgen production is (high / low)

A

low

43
Q

___________ increases dramatically during male puberty and sperm production begins

A

testosterone

44
Q

(FSH / LH) stimulates sertoli cells and trigger sperm maturation

A

FSH

45
Q

(FSH / LH) causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

LH

46
Q

estrogens are secreted in response to ________ and result in the development of the female reproductive system

A

FSH

47
Q

in the embryo, estrogens strimulate ____________

A

development of the reproductive tract

48
Q

in adults, estrogen leads to __________

A

the thickening of the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

49
Q

___________ is secreted by the copus luteum

A

progesterone

50
Q

progesterone is secreted in response to ___________

A

LH

51
Q

what is the function of progesterone vs estrogen in adults?

A

progesterone:
development and maintenance of the endometrium (lining of uterus)

estrogen:
initial thickening of endometrium

52
Q

what are the four main events that the menstrual cycle is divided into?

A
  1. follicular
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal
  4. menstration
53
Q

___________ phase begins when the hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH in response to low estrogen / progesterone levels

A

follicular

54
Q

the high levels of GnRH released during follicular phase, results in (increased / decreased) secretions of FSH and LH

A

increased

55
Q

during __________, high levels of estrogen cause GnRH, LH, and FSH levels to spike

A

ovulation

56
Q

the surge in_______, induces ovulation and the release of the ovum from the ovary

A

LH

57
Q

after ovulation, LH causes the reputured follicle to form the __________

A

corpus luteum

58
Q

the corpus luteum produces _________

A

progesterone

59
Q

during the ________ phase, high levels of progesterone cause negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH preventing the ovulation of multiple eggs

A

luteal

60
Q

during ___________, the corpus luteum loses its stimulation from LH and progesterone levels decline

A

menstration

61
Q

if fertilization occurs, the zygote will develop into a ____________ that will implant into the uterine lining

A

blastocyte

62
Q

the fertilized blastocyte implants itself into the uterine lining and secretes ___________

A

hCG

63
Q

why is hCG critical during the first trimester, but not the second?

A

first trimester:
hCG is critical becasue estrogen / progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum keeps the uterine lining in place

second trimester:
hCG levels decline because the placenta has grown in size and can produce its own estrogen / progesterone

64
Q

as a woman ages, her ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH resulting in ovary atrophy, this is called _____________

A

menopause

65
Q
A

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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