reproductive system

Question 1

what is the purpose of the SRY gene?

Answer 1

SRY = sex-determining region Y

codes for a transcription factor that initiates testis differentiation and the formation of male gonads

Question 2

primitive gonads develop into the ________

Answer 2

testeswh

Question 3

at are the two functional components of the testes?

Answer 3

1. seminiferous tubules
2. cells of leydig

Question 4

where is sperm produced?

Answer 4

seminiferous tubules

Question 5

what cells in the seminiferous tubules help to nourish sperm?

Answer 5

sertoli cells

Question 6

the cells of leydig secrete __________

Answer 6

testosterone

Question 7

where are the testes located?

Answer 7

scrotum

Question 8

after being produced, the sperm are passed to the __________

Answer 8

epididymis

Question 9

what happens to sperm while in the epididymis?

Answer 9

flagella gain motility
stored until ejaculation

Question 10

during ejaculation, sperm travels through the ___________ and enter the ejaculatory duct

Answer 10

vas deferens

Question 11

T / F - male’s and female’s reproductive tract and urinary systems share a common pathway

Answer 11

false, this is not true for women

Question 12

______________contribute fructose (to seminal fluid) to nourish sperm

Answer 12

seminal vesicles

Question 13

__________ give the seminal fluid mildly alkaline properies

Answer 13

seminal vesicles
prostate gland

Question 14

what is the purpose of giving sperm alkaline properties?

Answer 14

so they can survive in the acidity of the female reproductive tract

Question 15

_______________ produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra

Answer 15

bulbourethral (cowper’s) gland

Question 16

explain the progression of spermatogenesis

Answer 16

spermatogonia (2n) –>
primary spermatocyte –>
1° spermatocyte –>
2° spermatocyte –>
spermatids –>
spermatozoa

Question 17

what are the three main parts of a sperm cell?

Answer 17

1. head
2. midpiece
3. flagella

Question 18

___________ of the sperm contains the genetic information

Answer 18

head

Question 19

_________ of the sperm generates ATP from fructose

Answer 19

midpiece

Question 20

the head of a sperm is covered by a cap known as an ___________

Answer 20

acrosome

Question 21

where is the acrosome made in the cell?

Answer 21

golgi

Question 22

ovaries produce _________ and _______

Answer 22

estrogen ad progesterone

Question 23

ovaries consist of thousands of _____________ that contain, nourish, and protect immature eggs

Answer 23

follicles

Question 24

one egg per month is ovulated into the ___________

Answer 24

peritoneal sac (which lines the abdominal cavity)

Question 25

after being deposited into the abdominal cavity, the egg is drawn into the __________

Answer 25

fallopian tubes or oviduct

Question 26

the fallpian tubes are connected to the ____________ which is the site of fetal development

Answer 26

uterus

Question 27

then the egg is transported to the lower end of the uterus called the __________ which connects to the ___________

Answer 27

cervix vaginal canal

Question 28

the external female anatomy is known as the __________

Answer 28

vulva

Question 29

the production of female gametes is known as ____________

Answer 29

oogenesis

Question 30

by birth, all of the oogonia have already undergone DNA replication and are considered ____________

Answer 30

primary oocytes

Question 31

primary oocytes are arrested in __________

Answer 31

prophase 1

Question 32

once a woman reaches menarche (first menstrual cycle), one primary oocyte is released per month to complete meiosis 1, producing a __________ and __________

Answer 32

secondary oocyte polar body

Question 33

the secondary oocyte remains arrested in ________________

Answer 33

metaphase 2

Question 34

the secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis 2 unless _____________ occurs

Answer 34

fertilization

Question 35

oocytes are surrounded by two layers

Answer 35

1. zona pellucida 2. corona radiata

Question 36

___________ surrounds the oocyte iteseld and is an aceullar mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and are necessary for sperm binding

Answer 36

zona pellucida

Question 37

____________ lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells adhered to the oocyte during ovulation

Answer 37

corona radiata

Question 38

what does the corona radiata have to do with meiosis 2?

Answer 38

meiosis 2 is triggered when a sperm cell penetrates these layers with the help of acrosomal enzymes

Question 39

what does the ovum contribute to the zygote? what does the sperm contribute?

Answer 39

ovum: half the DNA all the cytoplasm organelles RNA for early cellular processes sperm half the DNA

Question 40

prior to puberty, the __________ restricts the production of GnRH

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

at the start of puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH which triggers the __________ to synthesize and release ___________ and __________

Answer 41

anterior pituitary gland FSH and LH

Question 42

for the duration of infancy and childhood, androgen production is (high / low)

Answer 42

low

Question 43

___________ increases dramatically during male puberty and sperm production begins

Answer 43

testosterone

Question 44

(FSH / LH) stimulates sertoli cells and trigger sperm maturation

Answer 44

FSH

Question 45

(FSH / LH) causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Answer 45

LH

Question 46

estrogens are secreted in response to ________ and result in the development of the female reproductive system

Answer 46

FSH

Question 47

in the embryo, estrogens strimulate ____________

Answer 47

development of the reproductive tract

Question 48

in adults, estrogen leads to __________

Answer 48

the thickening of the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

Question 49

___________ is secreted by the copus luteum

Answer 49

progesterone

Question 50

progesterone is secreted in response to ___________

Answer 50

LH

Question 51

what is the function of progesterone vs estrogen in adults?

Answer 51

progesterone: development and maintenance of the endometrium (lining of uterus) estrogen: initial thickening of endometrium

Question 52

what are the four main events that the menstrual cycle is divided into?

Answer 52

1. follicular 2. ovulation 3. luteal 4. menstration

Question 53

___________ phase begins when the hypothalamus increases secretion of GnRH in response to low estrogen / progesterone levels

Answer 53

follicular

Question 54

the high levels of GnRH released during follicular phase, results in (increased / decreased) secretions of FSH and LH

Answer 54

increased

Question 55

during __________, high levels of estrogen cause GnRH, LH, and FSH levels to spike

Answer 55

ovulation

Question 56

the surge in_______, induces ovulation and the release of the ovum from the ovary

Answer 56

LH

Question 57

after ovulation, LH causes the reputured follicle to form the __________

Answer 57

corpus luteum

Question 58

the corpus luteum produces _________

Answer 58

progesterone

Question 59

during the ________ phase, high levels of progesterone cause negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH preventing the ovulation of multiple eggs

Answer 59

luteal

Question 60

during ___________, the corpus luteum loses its stimulation from LH and progesterone levels decline

Answer 60

menstration

Question 61

if fertilization occurs, the zygote will develop into a ____________ that will implant into the uterine lining

Answer 61

blastocyte

Question 62

the fertilized blastocyte implants itself into the uterine lining and secretes ___________

Answer 62

hCG

Question 63

why is hCG critical during the first trimester, but not the second?

Answer 63

first trimester: hCG is critical becasue estrogen / progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum keeps the uterine lining in place second trimester: hCG levels decline because the placenta has grown in size and can produce its own estrogen / progesterone

Question 64

as a woman ages, her ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH resulting in ovary atrophy, this is called _____________

Answer 64

menopause