skeletal system

Question 1

what makes up the axial skeleton?

Answer 1

skull
vertebral column
rib cage
hyoid bone

*basic central framework for the body

Question 2

what makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 2

bones of the limbs
pectoral girdle
pelvis

Question 3

bone is a connective tissue derived from __________

Answer 3

mesoderm

Question 4

__________ bone is compact and dense

Answer 4

compact bone

Question 5

____________ bone consists of bony spincules known as trabeculae

Answer 5

spongy / cancellous

Question 6

in spongy bone, what are the cavities of the trabeculae filled with?

Answer 6

bone marrow

Question 7

______________ marrow is filled with hematopoietic stem cells which are responsible for the generation of all the cells in our blood

Answer 7

red

Question 8

__________ marrow is composed primarily of fat and is relatively inactive

Answer 8

yellow

Question 9

long bone diaphysis and metaphysis are full of ___________

Answer 9

bone marrow

Question 10

long bone epiphysis spongy bone core purpose?

Answer 10

more effective dispersion of force and pressure at the joints

Question 11

at the internal end of the epiphysis is an _______________ which is a cartilaginous structure and the site of longitudinal growth

Answer 11

epiphyseal plate

Question 12

__________ is a fibrous sheath that surrounds the long bone to protect it as well as serve as a site for muscle attachment

Answer 12

periosteum

Question 13

___________ attach muscle to bone

Answer 13

tendons

Question 14

___________ hold bones together at joints

Answer 14

ligaments

Question 15

organic components of bone?

Answer 15

collagen
glycoproteins
peptides

Question 16

inorganic components of bone?

Answer 16

calcium
phosphate
hydroxide ions
sodium
magnesium
potassium

Question 17

_____________ contain the blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph vessels that maintain the health of the bone

Answer 17

volkmanns canals

Question 18

_____________ house mature bone cells known as osteocytes

Answer 18

lacunae

Question 19

lacunae are interconnected by tiny channels called ____________ that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste between osteocytes and the haversian / volkmanns canals

Answer 19

canaliculi

Question 20

____________ build bones

Answer 20

osteoblasts

Question 21

___________ reabsorb bone

Answer 21

osteoclasts

Question 22

what two endocrine hormones are released in response to low blood calcium levels?

Answer 22

parathyroid hormone
vitamin D

Question 23

calcitonin is released by the ___________ in response to (high / low) blood calcium

Answer 23

parafollicular cells of the thyroid
high = promote bone formation, lowering calcium levels

Question 24

cartilage consists of a firm but elastic matrix called ___________ that is secreted by cells called _______

Answer 24

chondrin
chondrocytes

Question 25

________________ is the hardening of cartilage into bone

Answer 25

endochondral ossification

Question 26

what type of bones are formed by endochondral ossification?

Answer 26

long bones

Question 27

______________ is the formation of bones from undifferentiated embryonic connective tissue

Answer 27

intramembranous ossification

Question 28

what type of bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 28

bones in the skull

Question 29

______________ joints consist of bones that are fused together to form sutures

Answer 29

immovable joints

Question 30

where are immovable joints primarily found?

Answer 30

head

Question 31

examples of movable joints?

Answer 31

hinge = elbow / knee
ball and socket = shoulder / hip
saddle = thumb

Question 32

______________ are pieces of fibrous tissues that connect bones to one another

Answer 32

ligaments

Question 33

______________ in movable joints secretes synovial fluid

Answer 33

synovium

Question 34

___________________ contributes to the joint by coating the artificial surfaces of the bones so that impact is restricted to the lubricated joint cartilage rather than to the bones

Answer 34

articular cartilage

Question 35

end of the muscle with a larger attachment to bone is called the _____________, the end with the smaller attachment to bone is called the ____________

Answer 35

larger = origin
smaller = insertion

Question 36

__________ muscle decreases the angle across a joint

Answer 36

flexor

Question 37

__________ muscle increases the angle across a joint

Answer 37

extensor

Question 38

____________ muscle moves a part of the body away from the midline

Answer 38

abductor

Question 39

____________ muscle moves a part of the body towards the midline

Answer 39

adductor

Question 40

__________ rotator rotates the axis of the limb toward the midline

Answer 40

medial

Question 41

__________ rotator rotates the axis of the limb away from the midline

Answer 41

lateral