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MCAT - biology > classification and structure of prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

classification and structure of prokaryotic cells Flashcards

compare / contrast archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

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1
Q

prokaryotes genetic material is organized into a single (linear / circular) molecule of DNA concentrated in an area of the cell called the ___________

A

circular
nucleoid region

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2
Q

three domains that classify life

A
  1. archae
  2. bacteria
  3. eukarya
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3
Q

_____________ are single cells organisms that contain genes and several metabolic pathways

A

archaea

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4
Q

____________ is a term that describes archaea’s abilities to live is harsh environments with extremely high temperatures, high salinity, or no light

A

extremophiles

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5
Q

what are some unique characteristics of archaea?

A

extremophiles
use alternative energy sources
more similar to eukaryotes
can live in the human body
phosynthetic / chemosynthetic
resistent to many antibiotics

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6
Q

it is hypothesized that archaea and ___________ share a similar origin

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

what are some similarities of eukaryotes and archaea? differences?

A

similarities:
start translation with Met
contain similar RNA Pol
associate DNA with histones

differences:
archaea have singular, circular chromosomes
archaea divide by binary fissions
archaea share a similar structure to bacteria

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8
Q

all bacteria contain ___________, _________, and some have ___________

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane
flagella / fimbriae

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9
Q

bacteria outnumber human cells in the body ___:___

A

10:1

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10
Q

explain mutualistic symbiotes

A

both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship

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11
Q

explain parasitic relationships

A

they provide no advntage to the host, but rather cause disease

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12
Q

what are the three main ways we classify bacteria by their shape?

A
  1. cocci
  2. bacilli
  3. spirilli
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13
Q

example of bacteria with cocci? bacilli? spirilli?

A

cocci - strep
bacilli - e coli
spirilli - treponema pallidum (syphilis)

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14
Q

__________ are bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

A

oligate aerobes

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15
Q

____________ are bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism

A

anaerobes

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16
Q

_____________ are anaerobes that cannot survive in oxygen containing environments

A

oligate anaerobes

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17
Q

____________ are anaerobes that can toggle between aerobic / anaerobic processes

A

facultative anaerobes

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18
Q

_____________ are anaerobes that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by its presence

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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19
Q

what is one of the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes lack membrane organelles and lack a nucleus

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

forms the outer barrier of the cell
controls movement of solutes into / out of the bacteria
provides structure

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21
Q

prokaryotic cell membrane is composed of ____________

A

phospholipids

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22
Q

together, the cell wall and the cell membrane of the prokaryote are known as _____________

A

envelope

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23
Q

two main types of cell walls in bacteria?

A
  1. gram positive
  2. gram negative
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24
Q

explain gram positive vs gram negative staining

A

gram positive:
envelope absorbs crystal violet stain
appears deep purple

gram negative:
envelope does not absorb crystal violet stain
appears pink / red

25
Q

___________ cell walls consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichioc acid

A

gram positive

26
Q

____________ cell walls are very thin consist of small amounts of petidoglycan and high levels of lipopolysacharides

A

gram negative

27
Q

____________ are the part of the gram nagative bacteria that triggers and immune response in human beings

A

lipopolysacharides

28
Q

____________ are long, whip like structures that can be used for bacteria propulsion

A

flagella

29
Q

___________ is the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and ove toward or away from them

A

chemotaxis

30
Q

what are flagella composed of?

A
  1. filament
  2. basal body
  3. hook
31
Q

the filament of the flagella is composed of ___________

A

flagellin

32
Q

_____________ is a complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of the flagellum

A

basal body

33
Q

__________ connects the filament and the basal body so that as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which therby spins and propels the bacteria

A

hook

34
Q

does the nucleoid region of prokaryotes contain a nuclear envelope?

A

no

35
Q

T / F - true histones are found in archaea

A

true

36
Q

____________ carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote (not considered part of the bacteria genome) but may confer an advantage

A

plasmids

37
Q

because prokaryotes lack a mitochondria, what is used instead for the ETC / ATP generation?

A

cell membrane

38
Q

do prokaryotes contain cytoskeleton?

A

yes, but it is not as complex as eukaryotes

39
Q

do prokaryotes contain ribosomes?

A

yes!

40
Q

prokaryotic ribosomes? eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

prokaryotic = 30S, 50S

eukaryotic = 60S, 40S

41
Q

why are plasmids beneficial for prokaryotic cells?

A

may offer virulence factors (traits that increase pathogenicity)

antiobiotic resistance
toxin production
projections for cell attachment
evasion of host’s immune system

42
Q

_________ are a subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the gnome of the bacteria

A

episomes

43
Q

types of recombination processes that help to increase bacterial diversity and evolution?

A
  1. transduction
  2. transformation
  3. conjugation
44
Q

_____________ results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

A

transformation

*new genetic material causes host to transform

45
Q

what types of prokaryotes are able to carry out transformation most efficiently?

A

gram negative rodes

46
Q

______________ involes two cells forming a conjugation bridge that facilitates the transfer of genetic material

A

conjugation

*conjure up a bond and form a bridge

47
Q

explain the direction of conjugation

A

unidirectional

from donor male (+) to recipient female (-)

48
Q

how is the conjugation bridge formed?

A

it is formd from the sex pili that are found on the donor male

bacteria must contain sex factors (plasmids) that contain the necessary genes

49
Q

cells that have undergone the transfer of an entire copy of another genome are referred to by the abbreviation ___________

A

Hfr

high frequency recombination

50
Q

_____________ is a process that requires a vector to carry genetic material from one bacteria to another

A

transduction

*ducks need a vector to reproduce

51
Q

explain how transduction works via bacteriophages

A

bacteriophages can accidently incorporate a segment of host DNA during assembly

when a bacteriophage infects another bacteria, it can release trapped DNA into the new host cell

this transferred DNA can then integrate into the genome, giving the new host additional genes

52
Q

____________ are genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

A

transposons

53
Q

are transposons only found in eukaryotes?

A

no, they are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

54
Q

how do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

55
Q

bacteria first adapt to the new local conditions during the _________ phase

A

lag

56
Q

bacteria’s rate of division increases during the _________ phase

A

exponential

57
Q

as the colony grows, resources are diminished causing a lull in reproduction, this occurs during the __________ phase

A

stationary

58
Q

after the bacteria has exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria (marking the depletion of resources), the ___________ phase has occured

A

death

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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