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MCAT - biology > classification and structure of prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

classification and structure of prokaryotic cells Flashcards

compare / contrast archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes

1
Q

prokaryotes genetic material is organized into a single (linear / circular) molecule of DNA concentrated in an area of the cell called the ___________

A

circular
nucleoid region

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2
Q

three domains that classify life

A
  1. archae
  2. bacteria
  3. eukarya
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3
Q

_____________ are single cells organisms that contain genes and several metabolic pathways

A

archaea

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4
Q

____________ is a term that describes archaea’s abilities to live is harsh environments with extremely high temperatures, high salinity, or no light

A

extremophiles

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5
Q

what are some unique characteristics of archaea?

A

extremophiles
use alternative energy sources
more similar to eukaryotes
can live in the human body
phosynthetic / chemosynthetic
resistent to many antibiotics

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6
Q

it is hypothesized that archaea and ___________ share a similar origin

A

eukaryotes

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7
Q

what are some similarities of eukaryotes and archaea? differences?

A

similarities:
start translation with Met
contain similar RNA Pol
associate DNA with histones

differences:
archaea have singular, circular chromosomes
archaea divide by binary fissions
archaea share a similar structure to bacteria

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8
Q

all bacteria contain ___________, _________, and some have ___________

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane
flagella / fimbriae

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9
Q

bacteria outnumber human cells in the body ___:___

A

10:1

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10
Q

explain mutualistic symbiotes

A

both humans and bacteria benefit from the relationship

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11
Q

explain parasitic relationships

A

they provide no advntage to the host, but rather cause disease

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12
Q

what are the three main ways we classify bacteria by their shape?

A
  1. cocci
  2. bacilli
  3. spirilli
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13
Q

example of bacteria with cocci? bacilli? spirilli?

A

cocci - strep
bacilli - e coli
spirilli - treponema pallidum (syphilis)

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14
Q

__________ are bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

A

oligate aerobes

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15
Q

____________ are bacteria that do not require oxygen for metabolism

A

anaerobes

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16
Q

_____________ are anaerobes that cannot survive in oxygen containing environments

A

oligate anaerobes

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17
Q

____________ are anaerobes that can toggle between aerobic / anaerobic processes

A

facultative anaerobes

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18
Q

_____________ are anaerobes that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by its presence

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

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19
Q

what is one of the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes lack membrane organelles and lack a nucleus

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

A

forms the outer barrier of the cell
controls movement of solutes into / out of the bacteria
provides structure

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21
Q

prokaryotic cell membrane is composed of ____________

A

phospholipids

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22
Q

together, the cell wall and the cell membrane of the prokaryote are known as _____________

A

envelope

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23
Q

two main types of cell walls in bacteria?

A
  1. gram positive
  2. gram negative
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24
Q

explain gram positive vs gram negative staining

A

gram positive:
envelope absorbs crystal violet stain
appears deep purple

gram negative:
envelope does not absorb crystal violet stain
appears pink / red

25
___________ cell walls consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichioc acid
gram positive
26
____________ cell walls are very thin consist of small amounts of petidoglycan and high levels of lipopolysacharides
gram negative
27
____________ are the part of the gram nagative bacteria that triggers and immune response in human beings
lipopolysacharides
28
____________ are long, whip like structures that can be used for bacteria propulsion
flagella
29
___________ is the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and ove toward or away from them
chemotaxis
30
what are flagella composed of?
1. filament 2. basal body 3. hook
31
the filament of the flagella is composed of ___________
flagellin
32
_____________ is a complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of the flagellum
basal body
33
__________ connects the filament and the basal body so that as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which therby spins and propels the bacteria
hook
34
does the nucleoid region of prokaryotes contain a nuclear envelope?
no
35
T / F - true histones are found in archaea
true
36
____________ carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote (not considered part of the bacteria genome) but may confer an advantage
plasmids
37
because prokaryotes lack a mitochondria, what is used instead for the ETC / ATP generation?
cell membrane
38
do prokaryotes contain cytoskeleton?
yes, but it is not as complex as eukaryotes
39
do prokaryotes contain ribosomes?
yes!
40
prokaryotic ribosomes? eukaryotic ribosomes?
prokaryotic = 30S, 50S eukaryotic = 60S, 40S
41
why are plasmids beneficial for prokaryotic cells?
may offer virulence factors (traits that increase pathogenicity) antiobiotic resistance toxin production projections for cell attachment evasion of host's immune system
42
_________ are a subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the gnome of the bacteria
episomes
43
types of recombination processes that help to increase bacterial diversity and evolution?
1. transduction 2. transformation 3. conjugation
44
_____________ results from the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome
transformation *new genetic material causes host to transform
45
what types of prokaryotes are able to carry out transformation most efficiently?
gram negative rodes
46
______________ involes two cells forming a conjugation bridge that facilitates the transfer of genetic material
conjugation *conjure up a bond and form a bridge
47
explain the direction of conjugation
unidirectional from donor male (+) to recipient female (-)
48
how is the conjugation bridge formed?
it is formd from the sex pili that are found on the donor male bacteria must contain sex factors (plasmids) that contain the necessary genes
49
cells that have undergone the transfer of an entire copy of another genome are referred to by the abbreviation ___________
Hfr high frequency recombination
50
_____________ is a process that requires a vector to carry genetic material from one bacteria to another
transduction *ducks need a vector to reproduce
51
explain how transduction works via bacteriophages
bacteriophages can accidently incorporate a segment of host DNA during assembly when a bacteriophage infects another bacteria, it can release trapped DNA into the new host cell this transferred DNA can then integrate into the genome, giving the new host additional genes
52
____________ are genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
transposons
53
are transposons only found in eukaryotes?
no, they are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
54
how do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
55
bacteria first adapt to the new local conditions during the _________ phase
lag
56
bacteria's rate of division increases during the _________ phase
exponential
57
as the colony grows, resources are diminished causing a lull in reproduction, this occurs during the __________ phase
stationary
58
after the bacteria has exceeded the ability of the environment to support the number of bacteria (marking the depletion of resources), the ___________ phase has occured
death

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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