adaptive immune system

Question 1

what two cells make up the adaptive immune system?

Answer 1

1. B cells
2. T cells

Question 1

_________ cells govern the humoral response

Answer 1

B cells

Question 2

__________ cells mount the cell mediated response

Answer 2

T cells

Question 3

where are all immune cells created?

Answer 3

bone marrow

Question 4

where do B and T cells mature?

Answer 4

B cells = bone marrow / spleen
T cells = thymus

Question 5

humoral immunity involves the production of _________

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

T / F - antibodies are specific to the antiges of the invading molecule

Answer 6

true

Question 7

when an antidoy binds to an antigen, what are the three different responses that may occur?

Answer 7

1. antibodies may attract other leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens immediately
2. antibodies cause pathogens to clump together forming large insoluable complexes that can be phagocytized
3. antibodies can block the ability of a pahtogen to invade tissues

Question 8

antibodies are Y shaped molecules that are made up of two identical _________ and two identical ____________

Answer 8

heavy chains
light chains

Question 9

___________ and _________ interactions hold the heavy and light chains together

Answer 9

disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions

Question 10

each antibody has an antigen binding region at the end of which is called the _____________

Answer 10

variable region (V domain)

Question 11

____________ binds natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils that initiate the complement cascade

Answer 11

constant region (C domain)

Question 12

T / F - all B cells actively and constantly produce antibodies

Answer 12

false

*naive B cells (those that have not yet been exposed to an antigen) are stored in the lymph nodes

Question 13

___________ cells produce large amounts of antibodies

Answer 13

plasma cells

Question 14

___________ cells stay in the lymph node, awaiting exposure to the same antigen

Answer 14

memory B cells

Question 15

explain primary response

Answer 15

initial activation
takes about 7-10 days

Question 16

T / F - secondary response is often more rapid acting

Answer 16

true

Question 17

____________ selection refers to allowing only the maturation of cells that can respond to the presentation of anitgen on MHC

Answer 17

positive selection

Question 18

___________ selection refers to causing apoptosis in cells that are self reactive

Answer 18

negative selection

Question 19

the maturation of T cells is facilitated by ____________

Answer 19

thymosin

Question 20

three major types of T cells?

Answer 20

1. helper T cells (CD4+)
2. supressor T cells
3. killer T cells (cytotoxic) (CD8+)

Question 21

__________________ coordinate the immune response by secreting lymphokines

Answer 21

helper T cells (CD4+)

Question 22

what is the main purpose of CD4+ T cells?

Answer 22

to recruit other immune cells and increase their activity

Question 23

CD4+ T cells respond to antigens presente dby MHC-____ molecules

Answer 23

MHC-II

4 (CD4+) x 2 (MHC-II) = 8

Question 24

what type of infections are CD4+ T cells most effective against?

Answer 24

MHC-II = exogenous antigens - bacteria - fungal - parasitic

Question 25

____________ are capable of directly killing virally infected cells by injecting toxic chemicals that promote apoptosis into the cell

Answer 25

cytotoxic / CD8+

Question 26

CD8+ T cells respond to antigens presente dby MHC-____ molecules

Answer 26

MHC-I 8 (CD8+) x 1 (MHC-I) = 8

Question 27

___________ also express CD4 but can be differentiated fromer helper T cells because they also express a protein called Foxp3

Answer 27

supressor T cells

Question 28

what is the purpose of supressor T cells?

Answer 28

tone down the immune repsonse once infection has been contained these cells also turn off self reactive lymphocytes

Question 29

T / F - similar to B cells, memory T cells can be generated

Answer 29

true

Question 30

five types of infectious pathogens?

Answer 30

1. bacteria 2. viruses 3. fungi 4. parasites 5. prions

Question 31

lets say a person suffers a laceration and bacteria are introduced into the body, what is the body's immune response?

Answer 31

1. macrophages engulf the bacteria and release inflammatory mediators 2. cytokines attract inflammatory cells (neurohpils / macrophages) 3. mast cells are activated by the inflammation, resulting in histamine release 4. dendritic cells then leave the affected tissue and travels to nearest lymoh node where it presents the antigen to B cells / T cells 5. B cells produce the antibody through clonal selection to create plasma cells and memory cells / CD4+ T cells are activated (come in two forms = Th1, Th2) Th1 activates macrophages and increases their ability to kill bacteria, Th2 helps activate B cells 6. antibodies travel through the bloodstreamto the affected tissue where they tag bacteria for destruction

Question 32

if a person suffers from a viral infection, explain the body's immune response

Answer 32

1. virally infected cell releases interferons 2. CD8+ T cells will recognize the MHC-I and antigen complex as foreign and inject toxins into the cell to promote apoptosis (3.) if the virus downregulated MHC-I, natural killer cells will recognize the absence and will cause apoptosis

Question 33

what is the purpose of a virally infected cell releasing interferons?

Answer 33

reduce permeability of nearby cells reduce rate of transcription / translation cause systemic symptoms

Question 34

_____________ is when a cell fails to make the distinction between self and foreign, it may attck cells expressing particular self antigens

Answer 34

autoimmunity

Question 35

allergies and autoimmunity are part of a family of immune reactions classified as __________

Answer 35

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 36

____________ involves the elimination of T cells that respond to self antigens

Answer 36

negative selection

Question 37

B cells that respond to self antigens are eliminated in the __________

Answer 37

bone marrow

Question 38

________ immunity is when the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen

Answer 38

adaptive

Question 39

____________ immunity results from the transfer of antiodies to an individual

Answer 39

passive

Question 40

examples of passive immunity?

Answer 40

1. transfer of antibodies from placenta to fetus 2. transfer of antibodies from mother to her nursing infant 3. rabies 4. tetanus