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MCAT - biology > adaptive immune system > Flashcards

adaptive immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

what two cells make up the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
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1
Q

_________ cells govern the humoral response

A

B cells

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2
Q

__________ cells mount the cell mediated response

A

T cells

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3
Q

where are all immune cells created?

A

bone marrow

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4
Q

where do B and T cells mature?

A

B cells = bone marrow / spleen
T cells = thymus

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5
Q

humoral immunity involves the production of _________

A

antibodies

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6
Q

T / F - antibodies are specific to the antiges of the invading molecule

A

true

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7
Q

when an antidoy binds to an antigen, what are the three different responses that may occur?

A
  1. antibodies may attract other leukocytes to phagocytize those antigens immediately
  2. antibodies cause pathogens to clump together forming large insoluable complexes that can be phagocytized
  3. antibodies can block the ability of a pahtogen to invade tissues
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8
Q

antibodies are Y shaped molecules that are made up of two identical _________ and two identical ____________

A

heavy chains
light chains

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9
Q

___________ and _________ interactions hold the heavy and light chains together

A

disulfide bonds and noncovalent interactions

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10
Q

each antibody has an antigen binding region at the end of which is called the _____________

A

variable region (V domain)

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11
Q

____________ binds natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils that initiate the complement cascade

A

constant region (C domain)

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12
Q

T / F - all B cells actively and constantly produce antibodies

A

false

*naive B cells (those that have not yet been exposed to an antigen) are stored in the lymph nodes

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13
Q

___________ cells produce large amounts of antibodies

A

plasma cells

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14
Q

___________ cells stay in the lymph node, awaiting exposure to the same antigen

A

memory B cells

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15
Q

explain primary response

A

initial activation
takes about 7-10 days

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16
Q

T / F - secondary response is often more rapid acting

A

true

17
Q

____________ selection refers to allowing only the maturation of cells that can respond to the presentation of anitgen on MHC

A

positive selection

18
Q

___________ selection refers to causing apoptosis in cells that are self reactive

A

negative selection

19
Q

the maturation of T cells is facilitated by ____________

A

thymosin

20
Q

three major types of T cells?

A
  1. helper T cells (CD4+)
  2. supressor T cells
  3. killer T cells (cytotoxic) (CD8+)
21
Q

__________________ coordinate the immune response by secreting lymphokines

A

helper T cells (CD4+)

22
Q

what is the main purpose of CD4+ T cells?

A

to recruit other immune cells and increase their activity

23
Q

CD4+ T cells respond to antigens presente dby MHC-____ molecules

A

MHC-II

4 (CD4+) x 2 (MHC-II) = 8

24
Q

what type of infections are CD4+ T cells most effective against?

A

MHC-II = exogenous antigens

  • bacteria
  • fungal
  • parasitic
25
Q

____________ are capable of directly killing virally infected cells by injecting toxic chemicals that promote apoptosis into the cell

A

cytotoxic / CD8+

26
Q

CD8+ T cells respond to antigens presente dby MHC-____ molecules

A

MHC-I

8 (CD8+) x 1 (MHC-I) = 8

27
Q

___________ also express CD4 but can be differentiated fromer helper T cells because they also express a protein called Foxp3

A

supressor T cells

28
Q

what is the purpose of supressor T cells?

A

tone down the immune repsonse once infection has been contained

these cells also turn off self reactive lymphocytes

29
Q

T / F - similar to B cells, memory T cells can be generated

A

true

30
Q

five types of infectious pathogens?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. viruses
  3. fungi
  4. parasites
  5. prions
31
Q

lets say a person suffers a laceration and bacteria are introduced into the body, what is the body’s immune response?

A
  1. macrophages engulf the bacteria and release inflammatory mediators
  2. cytokines attract inflammatory cells (neurohpils / macrophages)
  3. mast cells are activated by the inflammation, resulting in histamine release
  4. dendritic cells then leave the affected tissue and travels to nearest lymoh node where it presents the antigen to B cells / T cells
  5. B cells produce the antibody through clonal selection to create plasma cells and memory cells / CD4+ T cells are activated (come in two forms = Th1, Th2) Th1 activates macrophages and increases their ability to kill bacteria, Th2 helps activate B cells
  6. antibodies travel through the bloodstreamto the affected tissue where they tag bacteria for destruction
32
Q

if a person suffers from a viral infection, explain the body’s immune response

A
  1. virally infected cell releases interferons
  2. CD8+ T cells will recognize the MHC-I and antigen complex as foreign and inject toxins into the cell to promote apoptosis
    (3.) if the virus downregulated MHC-I, natural killer cells will recognize the absence and will cause apoptosis
33
Q

what is the purpose of a virally infected cell releasing interferons?

A

reduce permeability of nearby cells
reduce rate of transcription / translation
cause systemic symptoms

34
Q

_____________ is when a cell fails to make the distinction between self and foreign, it may attck cells expressing particular self antigens

A

autoimmunity

35
Q

allergies and autoimmunity are part of a family of immune reactions classified as __________

A

hypersensitivity reactions

36
Q

____________ involves the elimination of T cells that respond to self antigens

A

negative selection

37
Q

B cells that respond to self antigens are eliminated in the __________

A

bone marrow

38
Q

________ immunity is when the immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen

A

adaptive

39
Q

____________ immunity results from the transfer of antiodies to an individual

A

passive

40
Q

examples of passive immunity?

A
  1. transfer of antibodies from placenta to fetus
  2. transfer of antibodies from mother to her nursing infant
  3. rabies
  4. tetanus

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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