Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT - biology > anatomy of the digestive system > Flashcards

anatomy of the digestive system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two types of digestion

A
  1. intracellular
  2. extracellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____________ digestion invovles the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___________ digestion is the process by which glucose and fatty acids are obtained from food and it occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

A

extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the alimentary canal runs from the ________ to the _________

A

mouth
anus

*separate by sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____________ invovles the breakdown of food into its constituent organic molecules (starches/carbs = monosaccharides, lipids = free fatty acids / glycerol, proteins = amino acids)

A

digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______________ digestion is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles, but does not involve breaking chemical bonds

A

mechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___________ digestion is the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____________ involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for distribution to the body’s tissues and cells

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain the order of the digestive tract, starting with the oral cavity

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending)
  7. rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

____________ system is a collection of one million neurons that govern the function of the GI system

A

enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T / F - the enteric nervous system can function independently of the brain / spinal cord

A

true!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does the parasympathetic system affect the digestive system?

A
  • digestion activities
  • endocrine secretions
  • promotes peristalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does the sympathetic system affect the digestive system?

A

inhibition of digestion, endocrine secretions, peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hormones involved in feeding behavior?

A
  • ADH
  • aldosterone
  • glucagon
  • ghrelin
  • leptin
  • cholecystokinin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of thirst?

A

ADH
aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of hunger?

A

glucagon
ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of satiety?

A

leptin
cholescystokinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glucagon is secreted by the __________

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ghrelin is secreted by the ______

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

digestion begins in the ___________ and continues until the __________

A

oral cavity
small intestine (duodenum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is mechanical digestion present in the oral cavity?

A

breaking up of large food particles to smaller particles using the teeth, tongue, and lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why is chewing important for digestion?

A

it helps to increase the surface are to volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is chemical digestion present in the oral cavity?

A

breakdown of chemical bonds into macromolecules

this relies on enzymes from saliva produced by slaivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

salivary glands are innervated by the __________ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_________ is capable of hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars

A

salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

__________ is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of lipids

A

lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

our mouth forms the food into a _______ which is forced back to the pharynx and swallowed

A

bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what two structures does the pharynx connect to?

A
  1. esophagus (GI)
  2. larynx (respiratory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

three parts of the pharynx, where are they found?

A
  1. nasopharynx (nasal cavity)
  2. oropharynx (mouth)
  3. laryngopharynx (vocal cords)
30
Q

what type of muscle is found in the top, middle, and bottom part of the esophagus?

A

top = skeletal
middle = mix
bottom = smooth

31
Q

what type of nervous control can be seen throughout the esophagus?

A

top = voluntary (skeletal)
bottom = involuntary (smooth), autonomic

32
Q

what is the reverse of peristalsis?

A

emesis (vomitting)

33
Q

swallowing is initiated in the muscles of the ____________

A

oropharynx

*this constitutes the upper edophagal sphincter

34
Q

our body’s three main energy sources?

A
  1. carbohdyrates
  2. fats
  3. proteins
35
Q

chemical digestion of carbohydrates and fats begins in the ___________

A

mouth

36
Q

T / F - chemical and mechanical digestion occurs in the esophagus

A

false, no digestion occurs here

37
Q

the stomach uses ____________ and enzymes to digest food

A

hydrochloric acid

38
Q

four main divisions of the stomach?

A
  1. fundus
  2. body
  3. antrum
  4. pylorus
39
Q

what parts of the stomach contain gastric glands?

A

fundus
body

40
Q

the antrum and the pylorus divisions of the stomach contain mostly _________ glands

A

pyloric

41
Q

the gastric glands respond to signals from the ____________ of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

vagus nerve

42
Q

the vagus nerve is activated by the brain in response to ___________

A

sight, taste, smell of food

43
Q

what are the three types of cells found in gastric glands?

A
  1. mucous
  2. parietal
  3. chief
44
Q

____________ cells produce he bicarbonate rich mucus that protects the muscular wall from the acidic nature of the stomach

A

mucous cells

45
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

*inactive form of pepsin

46
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

hydrochorlic acid
*cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin

intrinsic factor
*absorption of vitamn B12

47
Q

what is the purpose of pepsin?

A

digests protiens by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids, resulting in short peptide fragments

48
Q

at what pH is pepsin msot active?

A

low pH

49
Q

_________ cells are found in pyloric glands as secrete ___________

A

G cells
gastrin

50
Q

what is the purpose of gastrin?

A

induces parietal cells in the sotmach to secrete more HCl and signals the sotmach to contract

51
Q

three segments of the small intestine?

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jujunum
  3. ileum
52
Q

_______________ is responsible for the mjority of chemical digestion and has some minor involvement in absorption

A

duodenum

53
Q

most absorption in the small intestine takes place in the ______ and _________

A

jujunum
ileum

54
Q

food leaves the stomach through the ________ sphincter and enters the duodenum

A

pyloric

55
Q

_____________ are presenton the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers

A

brush border enzymes

56
Q

what is the osmotic effect of undigested disaccharides?

A

pull water into the stool = diarrhea

57
Q

_____________ break down proteins

A

peptidases

58
Q

_____________ is a specific type of peptidase that removes the N terminal of amino acid from a peptide

A

aminopeptidase

59
Q

___________ is an enzyme critical for the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin

A

enteropeptidase

60
Q

T / F - enteropeptidase can also activate procarboxypeptidases A and B to their active forms

A

true

61
Q

_____________ is a peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum

A

secretin

62
Q

how does secretin affect the pH of the digestive tract?

A

reducing HCl secretion from parietal cells and increasing biocarbonate secretion from the pancreas

63
Q

_____________ is a hormone that slows motility through the digestive tract

A

enterogastrone

64
Q

____________ is secreted in response to the entry of chyme

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

65
Q

CCK sitmulates the release of ______________ and ___________, and also acts on the brain where it promotes (hunger / satiety)

A

bile
pancreatic juices
satiety

66
Q

what are bile salts derived from?

A

cholesterol

67
Q

what is the purpose of bile salts?

A

emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles

68
Q

(bile / lipase) gets the fats into the solution and increases their surface area. (bile / lipase) hydrolyze the ester bonds holding the lipids together

A

bile (mechanical digestion)
lipase (chemical digestion)

69
Q

at what pH are digestive enzymes most effective?

A

~8.5

more basic pH

70
Q

T / F - pancreatic juices contain enzymes that can digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

A

true

71
Q
A

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions