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MCAT - biology > anatomy of the digestive system > Flashcards

anatomy of the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

two types of digestion

A
  1. intracellular
  2. extracellular
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2
Q

____________ digestion invovles the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids for energy

A

intracellular

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3
Q

___________ digestion is the process by which glucose and fatty acids are obtained from food and it occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

A

extracellular

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4
Q

the alimentary canal runs from the ________ to the _________

A

mouth
anus

*separate by sphincters

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5
Q

_____________ invovles the breakdown of food into its constituent organic molecules (starches/carbs = monosaccharides, lipids = free fatty acids / glycerol, proteins = amino acids)

A

digestion

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6
Q

_______________ digestion is the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles, but does not involve breaking chemical bonds

A

mechanical

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7
Q

___________ digestion is the enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds

A

chemical

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8
Q

____________ involves the transport of products of digestion from the digestive tract into the circulatory system for distribution to the body’s tissues and cells

A

absorption

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9
Q

explain the order of the digestive tract, starting with the oral cavity

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine
  6. large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending)
  7. rectum
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10
Q

____________ system is a collection of one million neurons that govern the function of the GI system

A

enteric nervous system

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11
Q

T / F - the enteric nervous system can function independently of the brain / spinal cord

A

true!

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12
Q

how does the parasympathetic system affect the digestive system?

A
  • digestion activities
  • endocrine secretions
  • promotes peristalsis
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13
Q

how does the sympathetic system affect the digestive system?

A

inhibition of digestion, endocrine secretions, peristalsis

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14
Q

hormones involved in feeding behavior?

A
  • ADH
  • aldosterone
  • glucagon
  • ghrelin
  • leptin
  • cholecystokinin
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15
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of thirst?

A

ADH
aldosterone

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16
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of hunger?

A

glucagon
ghrelin

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17
Q

what hormones trigger the sensation of satiety?

A

leptin
cholescystokinin

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18
Q

glucagon is secreted by the __________

A

pancreas

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19
Q

ghrelin is secreted by the ______

A

stomach

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20
Q

digestion begins in the ___________ and continues until the __________

A

oral cavity
small intestine (duodenum)

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21
Q

how is mechanical digestion present in the oral cavity?

A

breaking up of large food particles to smaller particles using the teeth, tongue, and lips

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22
Q

why is chewing important for digestion?

A

it helps to increase the surface are to volume ratio

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23
Q

how is chemical digestion present in the oral cavity?

A

breakdown of chemical bonds into macromolecules

this relies on enzymes from saliva produced by slaivary glands

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24
Q

salivary glands are innervated by the __________ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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25
_________ is capable of hydrolyzing starch into smaller sugars
salivary amylase
26
__________ is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of lipids
lipase
27
our mouth forms the food into a _______ which is forced back to the pharynx and swallowed
bolus
28
what two structures does the pharynx connect to?
1. esophagus (GI) 2. larynx (respiratory)
29
three parts of the pharynx, where are they found?
1. nasopharynx (nasal cavity) 2. oropharynx (mouth) 3. laryngopharynx (vocal cords)
30
what type of muscle is found in the top, middle, and bottom part of the esophagus?
top = skeletal middle = mix bottom = smooth
31
what type of nervous control can be seen throughout the esophagus?
top = voluntary (skeletal) bottom = involuntary (smooth), autonomic
32
what is the reverse of peristalsis?
emesis (vomitting)
33
swallowing is initiated in the muscles of the ____________
oropharynx *this constitutes the upper edophagal sphincter
34
our body's three main energy sources?
1. carbohdyrates 2. fats 3. proteins
35
chemical digestion of carbohydrates and fats begins in the ___________
mouth
36
T / F - chemical and mechanical digestion occurs in the esophagus
false, no digestion occurs here
37
the stomach uses ____________ and enzymes to digest food
hydrochloric acid
38
four main divisions of the stomach?
1. fundus 2. body 3. antrum 4. pylorus
39
what parts of the stomach contain gastric glands?
fundus body
40
the antrum and the pylorus divisions of the stomach contain mostly _________ glands
pyloric
41
the gastric glands respond to signals from the ____________ of the parasympathetic nervous system
vagus nerve
42
the vagus nerve is activated by the brain in response to ___________
sight, taste, smell of food
43
what are the three types of cells found in gastric glands?
1. mucous 2. parietal 3. chief
44
____________ cells produce he bicarbonate rich mucus that protects the muscular wall from the acidic nature of the stomach
mucous cells
45
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen *inactive form of pepsin
46
what do parietal cells secrete?
hydrochorlic acid *cleaves pepsinogen to pepsin intrinsic factor *absorption of vitamn B12
47
what is the purpose of pepsin?
digests protiens by cleaving peptide bonds near aromatic amino acids, resulting in short peptide fragments
48
at what pH is pepsin msot active?
low pH
49
_________ cells are found in pyloric glands as secrete ___________
G cells gastrin
50
what is the purpose of gastrin?
induces parietal cells in the sotmach to secrete more HCl and signals the sotmach to contract
51
three segments of the small intestine?
1. duodenum 2. jujunum 3. ileum
52
_______________ is responsible for the mjority of chemical digestion and has some minor involvement in absorption
duodenum
53
most absorption in the small intestine takes place in the ______ and _________
jujunum ileum
54
food leaves the stomach through the ________ sphincter and enters the duodenum
pyloric
55
_____________ are presenton the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum and break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers
brush border enzymes
56
what is the osmotic effect of undigested disaccharides?
pull water into the stool = diarrhea
57
_____________ break down proteins
peptidases
58
_____________ is a specific type of peptidase that removes the N terminal of amino acid from a peptide
aminopeptidase
59
___________ is an enzyme critical for the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin
enteropeptidase
60
T / F - enteropeptidase can also activate procarboxypeptidases A and B to their active forms
true
61
_____________ is a peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum
secretin
62
how does secretin affect the pH of the digestive tract?
reducing HCl secretion from parietal cells and increasing biocarbonate secretion from the pancreas
63
_____________ is a hormone that slows motility through the digestive tract
enterogastrone
64
____________ is secreted in response to the entry of chyme
cholecystokinin (CCK)
65
CCK sitmulates the release of ______________ and ___________, and also acts on the brain where it promotes (hunger / satiety)
bile pancreatic juices satiety
66
what are bile salts derived from?
cholesterol
67
what is the purpose of bile salts?
emulsify fats and cholesterol into micelles
68
(bile / lipase) gets the fats into the solution and increases their surface area. (bile / lipase) hydrolyze the ester bonds holding the lipids together
bile (mechanical digestion) lipase (chemical digestion)
69
at what pH are digestive enzymes most effective?
~8.5 more basic pH
70
T / F - pancreatic juices contain enzymes that can digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
true
71

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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