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MCAT - biology > eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

eukaryotic cells Flashcards

dstinguish different properties of eukaryotic cells

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1
Q

_________ are single cells

A

prokaryotic

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2
Q

___________ are multicellular or unicellular

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

___________ contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

A

eukaryotic

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4
Q

in most eukaryotes, organelles are membrane bound, why?

A

allowing for compartmentalization of functions

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5
Q

membranes of ____________ consists of a phospholipid bilayer

A

eukaryotes

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6
Q

__________ allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

A

cytosol

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7
Q

in the ____________, the genetic material is encoded in DNA, which is then organized into ___________

A

nucleus
chromosomes

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8
Q

eukaryotic cells reproduce by _________

A

mitosis

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9
Q

mitosis results in the formation of what?

A

two identical daughter cells

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10
Q

____________ is a double membrane that maintains a nuclear environment separate and distinct from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

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11
Q

_____________ is the nuclear membrane allow selective two way exchnage of materail between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

A

nuclear pores

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12
Q

DNA contains coding regions called ________

A

genes

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13
Q

_______________ is where rRNA is synthesized

A

nucleolus

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14
Q

what is the purpose of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

to serve as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondria

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15
Q

____________ contains the molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondria membrane

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16
Q

what is the purpose of cristae?

A

to increased the surface area available for the ETC enzymes

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17
Q

____________ is the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

A

intermembrane space

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18
Q

____________ is the space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

matrix

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19
Q

what does it mean to refer to the mitochondria as semi-autonomous?

A

they contain somes of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission

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20
Q

is the mitochondria a good example of cytoplasmic / extranuclear inheritance?

A

yes!
cytoplasmic / extranuclear inheritance = transmissions of genetic material independent of the nucleus

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21
Q

explain the origin of the mitochondria

A

engulfing of an aerobic prokaryote by an anaerobic prokaryote resulted in a symbyotic relationship

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22
Q

___________ are membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes tat are capable of breaking down many different substrates

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

____________ transport, pakcage, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

A

endosomes

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24
Q

endosomes are capable of transporting materials to what for degradation?

A

trans-golgi
cell membrane
lysosomal pathways

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25
Q

release of endosomes occurs in a process called ____________

A

autolysis

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26
Q

______________ series of interconnected membranes that is contiguous with the nuclear envelope

A

ER

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27
Q

does the ER contain a double membrane?

A

yes

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28
Q

______________ permits the translation of protein destined for secretion directly into its lumen

A

RER

29
Q

__________________ is utilized for lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs / poisons

A

SER

30
Q

SER transports proteins from ______ to ______

A

RER to golgi

31
Q

___________ consists of stacked membrane bound stacks and is utilized for the modification of cellular products

A

golgi

32
Q

how can cellular products be modified in the golgi?

A

addition of …
carbohydrates
phosphates
sulfates
signal sequences

33
Q

if the product is destined for secretion, the secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released via _____________

A

exocytosis

34
Q

____________ is used to break down long chain fatty acids via beta oxidation

A

peroxisomes

35
Q

peroxisomes participate in ___________ synthesis and contain some enzymes involved in the __________ pathway

A

phospholipid
pentose phosphate

36
Q

___________ provides structure to the cell, helps it to maintain its shape, and provides a conduit for transport around the cell

A

cytoskeleton

37
Q

what are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. microtubules
  3. intermediate filaments
38
Q

microfilaments are made of of solid polymerized rods of ___________

A

actin

39
Q

what are some charateristics of microfilaments?

A

resistant to compression and fracture
provides protection for the cell

40
Q

actin can also use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with ___________

A

myosin

41
Q

what is the role of microfilaments in cytokinesis?

A

during mitosis, the cleavage furrow is formed frommicrofilaments which organize as a ring at the site of division between the two new daughter cells

as the actin filaments contract, the ring becomes smaller, eventually pinhcing off the connection between the two daughter cells

42
Q

microtubules are composed of hollow polymers of __________ proteins

A

tubulin

43
Q

what is the purpose of microtubules?

A

provide primary pathways for motor proteins

44
Q

____________ and ________ carry vesicles along the pathways that microtubules create throughout the cell

A

kinesin and dynein

45
Q

___________ and _________ are motile structures composed of microtubules

A

cilia and flagella

46
Q

____________ are projections from a cell that are primarily involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell

A

cilia

47
Q

what is an example of a place cilia may be found? what does it transport?

A

respiratory system
mucus

48
Q

____________ are structures involved in themovement of the cell itself

A

flagella

49
Q

what is an example of a place flagella may be found? what does it transport?

A

reproductive tract
sperm cells

50
Q

explain the structure of cilia and flagella

A

9 + 2 structure (only in eukaryotes)

9 pairs of microtubules forming the outer ring
2 microtubules in the center

51
Q

where are centrioles found?

A

centrosome

52
Q

_______________ are organizing centers for microtubules

A

centriolese

53
Q

explain the structure of centrioles

A

9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center

54
Q

what is the purpose of centrioles during mitosis?

A

centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitosis spindle

microtubules emanate from the centrioles, attach to the chromosomes and exert force on the sister chromatids, breaking them apartw

55
Q

_____________ is where microtubules attached to chromosomes during mitosis

A

kinetochores

56
Q

__________ are composed of keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamin (filamentous proteins)

A

intermediate filaments

57
Q

what are some characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A

withstands large amounts of tension
increases structural rigidity of cell
helps anchor organelles
involved in cell to cell adhesion
identity = specific to cell and tissue type

58
Q

what are the four main tissue types?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
59
Q

_____________ tissue covers the body, lines its cavitites, and provides a means for protection against pathogen invasion

A

epithelial

60
Q

what are the major functions of epithelial cells?

A

absorption
secretion
sensation

61
Q

epithelial cells are tightly joined to each other and to an underlying layer of connective tisue known as __________

A

basement membrane

62
Q

in most organs, epithelial cells constitue the ________________ or the functional parts of the organ

A

parenchyma

63
Q

what does it mean when someone says that epithelial cells are polarized?

A

one side of the cell faces the lumen, while the other side interacts with underlying blood vessels / structural cells

small intestine:
1. involved in nutrients absorption via the lumen
2. releases nutrients into circulation for the body

64
Q

how do we classify epithelia based on the number of layers?

A
  1. stratified (multiple layers)
  2. simple (one layer)
  3. pseudostratified (looks like multiple layers, but is really only one layer)
65
Q

how do we classify epithelia based on the cell shape?

A
  1. cuboidal (cube shaped cells)
  2. columnar (long, tall cells)
  3. squamous (flat, scale-like cells)
66
Q

____________ tissue supports the body and provides a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their functions

A

connective

67
Q

connective tissues are the main contributors to ____________ of the support structure

A

stroma

68
Q

what are some examples of connective tissue?

A

bone
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
adipose
blood

69
Q

most cell in connective tissues produce materials such as ________ and ___________ to form the extracellular matrix

A

collagen and elastin

MCAT - biology (35 decks)

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