The inflammatory process

Question 1

What are the 5 key characteristics of inflammation?

Answer 1

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Question 2

Why do we get redness when inflammation occurs?

Answer 2

Increased blood flow to inflamed tissue.

Arteriolar dilation

Question 3

Why do we get swelling when inflammation occurs?

Answer 3

Leakage of plasma from blood vessels into the tissue-plasma extravasation

Question 4

Why do we get pain when inflammation occurs?

Answer 4

Due to sensory neurons (C-fibres) which mediate nociception, release neuropeptides, release substace P and calcitonin-gene related peptide

Question 5

What substances are released during inflammatory pain?

Answer 5

Histamine
Serotonin
Bradykinin
Prostaglandins
ATP
H+
Nerve growth factor
TNFa
Endothelins
Interleukins

Question 6

Why do we get loss of function when inflammation occurs?

Answer 6

Tissue remodelling due to fibrin deposition and tissue destruction

Question 7

Inflammation involves a complex interplay between what?

Answer 7

Microvasculature
Leukocytes
Nerves
Tissue cells
Chemical mediators of inflammation

Question 8

What are leukocytes?

Answer 8

White blood cells

Question 9

Name some granulocytes

Answer 9

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 10

What do macrophages arise from?

Answer 10

Blood monocytes

Question 11

What are a major source of cytokines IL-1, TNF and chemokines?

Answer 11

Macrophages

Question 12

Are macrophages long or short lived?

Answer 12

Long lived

Question 13

Name the two types of mononuclear cells

Answer 13

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Question 14

What are lymphocytes defined by?

Answer 14

Surface anitgens, the cytokines they make and their function

Question 15

Name 4 types of T-helper (CD4+) cells

Answer 15

Th1
Th2
Th17
Regulatory T cell (Treg)

Question 16

What are the 3 main types of T cells?

Answer 16

T-helper
T-cytotoxic (CD8+)
Natural killer

Question 17

T cells are controllers of what?

Answer 17

The specific immune system

Question 18

Which T cells are responsible for extracellular bacteria, fungi and autoimmunity?

Answer 18

Th17

Question 19

What cytokines do Th17 cells produce?

Answer 19

IL-21
IL-17a
IL-22
IL-10

Question 20

What T cell is responsible for intracellular pathogens and autoimmunity?

Answer 20

Th1

Question 21

What cytokines do Th1 cells produce?

Answer 21

IFNy
IL-2
LTa
IL-10

Question 22

What T cells are responsible for extracellular pasasites, allergy and asthma?

Answer 22

Th2

Question 23

What cytokines do Th2 cells produce?

Answer 23

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
IL-25
Amphiregulin
IL-10

Question 24

What T cells are responsible for immune tolerance, lymphocyte homeostasis and regulation of immune response?

Answer 24

TGFb
IL-35
IL-10

Question 25

What to B cells mature to become?

Answer 25

Antibody secreting plasma cells

Question 26

What is contained inside mast cells?

Answer 26

Histamine
TNF and other cytokines
Proteases
Leukotrienes
Prostanoids

Question 27

What can trigger mast cells?

Answer 27

Allergens
Mechanical stimuli
Host derived chemical mediators
Neuropeptides

Question 28

Inflammatory diseases end in what?

Answer 28

‘-itis’

Question 29

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 29

A chronic inflammatory joint disease

Question 30

What percentage of UK the population does RA effect?

Answer 30

1-2%

Question 31

Bone erosion in RA is mediated by what?

Answer 31

Matrix MetalloProteinases