The inflammatory process Flashcards
What are the 5 key characteristics of inflammation?
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function
Why do we get redness when inflammation occurs?
Increased blood flow to inflamed tissue.
Arteriolar dilation
Why do we get swelling when inflammation occurs?
Leakage of plasma from blood vessels into the tissue-plasma extravasation
Why do we get pain when inflammation occurs?
Due to sensory neurons (C-fibres) which mediate nociception, release neuropeptides, release substace P and calcitonin-gene related peptide
What substances are released during inflammatory pain?
Histamine Serotonin Bradykinin Prostaglandins ATP H+ Nerve growth factor TNFa Endothelins Interleukins
Why do we get loss of function when inflammation occurs?
Tissue remodelling due to fibrin deposition and tissue destruction
Inflammation involves a complex interplay between what?
Microvasculature Leukocytes Nerves Tissue cells Chemical mediators of inflammation
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
Name some granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
What do macrophages arise from?
Blood monocytes
What are a major source of cytokines IL-1, TNF and chemokines?
Macrophages
Are macrophages long or short lived?
Long lived
Name the two types of mononuclear cells
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes defined by?
Surface anitgens, the cytokines they make and their function
Name 4 types of T-helper (CD4+) cells
Th1
Th2
Th17
Regulatory T cell (Treg)
What are the 3 main types of T cells?
T-helper
T-cytotoxic (CD8+)
Natural killer
T cells are controllers of what?
The specific immune system
Which T cells are responsible for extracellular bacteria, fungi and autoimmunity?
Th17
What cytokines do Th17 cells produce?
IL-21
IL-17a
IL-22
IL-10
What T cell is responsible for intracellular pathogens and autoimmunity?
Th1
What cytokines do Th1 cells produce?
IFNy
IL-2
LTa
IL-10
What T cells are responsible for extracellular pasasites, allergy and asthma?
Th2
What cytokines do Th2 cells produce?
IL-4 IL-5 IL-13 IL-25 Amphiregulin IL-10
What T cells are responsible for immune tolerance, lymphocyte homeostasis and regulation of immune response?
TGFb
IL-35
IL-10
What to B cells mature to become?
Antibody secreting plasma cells
What is contained inside mast cells?
Histamine TNF and other cytokines Proteases Leukotrienes Prostanoids
What can trigger mast cells?
Allergens
Mechanical stimuli
Host derived chemical mediators
Neuropeptides
Inflammatory diseases end in what?
‘-itis’
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
A chronic inflammatory joint disease
What percentage of UK the population does RA effect?
1-2%
Bone erosion in RA is mediated by what?
Matrix MetalloProteinases
