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PA30245 Infection and Immunity > Atherosclerosis > Flashcards

Atherosclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of disease is atherosclerosis?

A

Progressive

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2
Q

Endothelial dysfunction occurs in what stages of atherogenesis?

A

Early stages

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3
Q

What do monocytes do when they are recruited into the atherosclerotic lesion?

A

They differentiate and transform into foam cells

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4
Q

What cytokine is the CANTOS trial targeting?

A

IL-1b

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5
Q

What causes a platelet plug and the clotting cascade?

A

Exposure of sub-endothelial layer

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6
Q

What triggers platelet adhesion?

A

Collagen

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7
Q

What activates the clotting cascade?

A

Tissue factor

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8
Q

Thickening of the artery wall due to accumulation of fatty material leads to the production of what?

A

Atheromatous plaque

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9
Q

What areas of the body are affected by atherosclerosis?

A

Right internal carotid artery
Proximal left renal artery
Proximal left anterior descending coronary artery

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10
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of atherosclerosis?

A 
Coronary artery disease
Cerebrovascular atherosclerotic disease
Peripheral artery disease
Renovascular disease
Abdominal aortic aneuysm
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11
Q

What are the risk factors to atherosclerosis?

A 
Diabetes
Smoking
Gender
Dyslipoproteinemia
Age
Genetic conditions
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12
Q

What does LDL contain?

A

apoplipoprotein B100

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13
Q

Which is considered protective in atherosclerosis? LDL or HDL?

A

HDL

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14
Q

What are the early stages of atherosclerosis associated with?

A

Endothelial cell dysfunction

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15
Q

What does ApoB100 bind to?

A

Negatively charged extracellular matrix proteoglycans

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16
Q

Activated endothelial cells express what?

A

Adhesion proteins

17
Q

Adhesion proteins promote what?

A

Intimal immune cell infiltration

18
Q

What happens after immune cells adhere to endothelial cells?

A

They migrate into the arterial wall

19
Q

What happens once immune cells are resident in the arterial wall?

A

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages

20
Q

What do macrophages produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species, tissue factor pro-coagulants

21
Q

What do differentiated macrophages engulf to form foam cells?

A

Lipoproteins

22
Q

What are highly regulated in macrophages during differentiation?

A

Class B scavenger receptors (CD36) and SR-A

23
Q

What do scavenger receptors do?

A

Bind and internalise oxidised LDL, helping foam cell formation

24
Q

What is there a high expression of in atherosclerotic lesions?

A

CD36

25
Q

What does NLRP3 inflammasome do?

A

Cleaves proIL-1B into bioactive IL-1B

26
Q

What activates the inflammasome?

A

Cholesterol crystals

27
Q

What causes necrotic core?

A

Accumulation of apoptotic cells, debris and cholesterol crystals

28
Q

The shoulder regions of the necrotic core are heavily infiltrated by what?

A

T cells

Mast cells

PA30245 Infection and Immunity (30 decks)

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