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PA30245 Infection and Immunity > Parasitic Infections > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

Diverse group of single celled animal-like eukaryotes

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2
Q

Where are Protozoa prevalent?

A

(Sub)tropical regions

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3
Q

What are the four classifications of Protozoa?

A

Amoeba
Flagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexa

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4
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the CNS?

A

Amoeba
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Trypanosomes

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5
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the blood?

A

Malaria

Trypanosomes

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6
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the liver?

A

Entamoeba

Leishmania

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7
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the skin?

A

Leishmania

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8
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the intestine?

A

Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
Giardia
Isospora

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9
Q

Where is malaria mainly found?

A

Africa, Asia and South America

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10
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the CNS?

A

Amoeba
Malaria
Toxoplasma
Trypanosomes

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11
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the blood?

A

Malaria

Trypanosomes

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12
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the liver?

A

Entamoeba

Leishmania

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13
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the skin?

A

Leishmania

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14
Q

What Protozoal diseases can affect the intestine?

A

Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba
Giardia
Isospora

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15
Q

How many cases of malaria are there in the U.K. per year?

A

1,500-2,000

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16
Q

What are the four causes of malaria in humans?

A

P.falciparum
P.vivax
P.ovale
P.malariae

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17
Q

What are the uncomplicated symptoms of malaria?

A 
6-10 hours of:
-cold stage- shivering 
-hot stage-fever
-sweating stage
Other:headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, weakness, enlarged spleen
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18
Q

What are the complicated symptoms of malaria?

A 
Cerebral malaria- abnormal behaviour, seizures, coma
Shock
Severe anaemia
Pulmonary oedema
Liver failure 
Swelling, rupturing of spleen
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19
Q

What is the malaria ABCD?

A

Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment

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20
Q

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas without drug resistance?

A

Chloroquine

Proguanil

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21
Q

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas of little chloroquine resistance?

A

Proguanil plus chloroquine

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22
Q

What malaria chemoprophylaxis should be used in areas of chloroquine resistant P.falciparum?

A

Mefloquine
Doxycycline
Atovaquone-proguanil

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23
Q

How can malaria be diagnosed?

A

Blood smears
Rapid diagnostic tests
PCR, antibody detection, mass spec

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24
Q

What is the treatment for malaria caused by P.falciparum?

A

Quinine followed by doxycycline or clindamycin

Atovaquone-proguanil

Arthemether-lumefantrine

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25
Q

What is the treatment for malaria caused by P.vivax or P.ovale?

A

Chloroquine followed by primaquine

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26
Q

What is he mode of action for proguanil, pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine?

A

Antifolate

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27
Q

What is the mode of action for chloroquine, lumefantrine and mefloquine?

A

Inhibits harm detoxification

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28
Q

What is the mode of action for atovaquone?

A

Inhibits mitochondrial metabolism

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29
Q

How is the malaria vaccine engineered?

A

From parts of surface protein of P.falciparum and fused to surface antigen from hep B to boost immune response

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30
Q

what are helminths?

A

Multicellular with differentiated orgains

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31
Q

What parasitic infection does not have its full life cycle in humans?

A

helminths

32
Q

Why are helminths difficult for the immune system to eradicate?

A

they have a tough cuticle

33
Q

Name an example of an helminth which camouflages by coating with the host molecules?

A

Blood flukes

34
Q

What do parasitic helminths feed on?

A

body fluids or intestinal contents

35
Q

Where are helminths mainly found?

A

Rural villages/overcrowded cities in tropics

36
Q

What symptom can helminths cause?

A

malnutrition

37
Q

What are the three main classes of helminths that infect humans?

A

Nematodes (roundworm)
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Trematodes (Flukes)

38
Q

What do nematodes look like?

A

Cylindrical body, alimentary canal

39
Q

What do cestodes look like?

A

Flat, ribbon shaped, no digestive tract

40
Q

What do trematodes look like?

A

leaf-shaped, blind branched alimentary tract

41
Q

How are large roundworm transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

42
Q

What symptoms do large roundworm give?

A

slows development, shortness of breath, coughing, malnutrition, blockage intestines

43
Q

How are threadworm transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral

44
Q

What symptoms do threadworm give?

A

mild anal itching

45
Q

How are hookworm transmitted?

A

larvae in soil penetrate skin

46
Q

what symptoms do hookworm give?

A

slows growth and development, anaemia

47
Q

How are whipworm transmitted?

A

Fecal oral

48
Q

What symptoms do whipworm give?

A

usually asymptomatic but heacy infection can cause bloody diarrhoea

49
Q

Ascariasis is caused by what?

A

Roundworm

50
Q

What are the symptoms of ascariasis?

A

abdominal pain, malnutrition

51
Q

How many eggs do mature female ascariasis produce per day?

A

> 200,000

52
Q

Name the 7 steps of te ascariasis life cycle

A
  1. Produce eggs
  2. eggs excreted in faeces
  3. eggs mature in soil
  4. eggs ingested
  5. larvae hatch in small intestine and penetrate wall
  6. enter blood and carried to organs
  7. coughing brings larvae into intestines where they mature
53
Q

What are nematodes?

A

roundworms

54
Q

What are cestodes?

A

Tapeworms

55
Q

What are trematodes?

A

Flukes

56
Q

What does lymphatic filariasis/ elephantiasis cause?

A

Enlargement of body parts

57
Q

What does onchocerciasus/river blindness cause?

A

inflammation of the eye leading to blindness

58
Q

What does loiasis cause?

A

Inflammation in the skin and eye

59
Q

What usually causes tapeworm?

A

ingestion of cust from undercooked meat/fish

60
Q

What do trematodes cause?

A

Progressive damage to vital orgains

61
Q

What do trematodes use as their intermediate host?

A

Snail

62
Q

What are lung fluke caused by?

A

Eating infected crab and crayfish

63
Q

What are liver fluke caused by?

A

Freshwater fish

64
Q

What is the 2nd greatest economic impact of parasitic diseases?

A

Schistosomiasis

65
Q

What are Schistosomiasis caused by?

A

blood flukes through infected water

66
Q

What are the symptoms of Schistosomiasis?

A

Rash
1-2 months: fever, chills, cough, muscle aches
organ damage

67
Q

What is the lifecycle of Schistosomiasis?

A 
Larvae in water infect snail
Snail forms larvae
Larva penetrate skin of human
Migrate to liver
Mature and form male:female pairs to final destination
68
Q

How many eggs do femal Schistosomiasis produce per day?

A

300

69
Q

How are intestinal nematodes/cestodes diagnosed?

A

Eggs detected in faeces

70
Q

How are Schistosomas diagnosed?

A

eggs in faecal sample or urine

71
Q

How are tissue nematodes diagnosed?

A

Adults in tissue, microfilaria in blood

72
Q

What is Ivermectin used to treat and what’s its MoA?

A

Filarial nematodes

Blocks ion channels in neurons, leading to paralysis

73
Q

What are albendazole & mebendazole used to treat and MoA?

A

Intestinal nematodes

Blocks microtubulin assembly, inhibits glucose uptake

74
Q

What is niclosamide used to treat and its MoA?

A

Tapeworms

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

75
Q

What is piperazine used to treat and its MoA?

A

Roundworms, threadworms

Blocks neurotransmitter-paralysis, often used with sennosied

76
Q

What is praziquantel used to treat and its MoA?

A

Flukes, tapeworms

Alters calcium permeability, paralysis

PA30245 Infection and Immunity (30 decks)

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